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Islamic Schools of Thought المذاهب Evolution and Development. By A.S. Hashim. MD. Madh’habs: Shi’a and Sunni. Statistics as of 1996:. SHI’A …………………………………….....….. 282 Millions SUNNI Hanafi …………….…………………...………. 380 Millions Maaliki ………………………………......….…. 305 Millions
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Islamic Schools of Thought المذاهبEvolution and Development By A.S. Hashim. MD
Statistics as of 1996: SHI’A …………………………………….....….. 282 Millions SUNNI • Hanafi …………….…………………...………. 380 Millions • Maaliki ………………………………......….…. 305 Millions • Shafi’i ………………………………………….. 190 Millions • Hanbali ……………………………….......…….. 52 Millions
At the Prophet’s Time • No Schools of Thought at the Prophet’s time • The Prophet did refer to Ali and his Shi’a on a few occasions • The Companions were called Sahaaba • The Sahaaba were generic name and of various ranks • Ali’s adherents were called the Special, or the Elite (Al‑Khaassah, الخاصه)
After the death of the Prophet • Many Sahaaba adhered to Ali in: • Explanation of the Sunnah and Hadith • and Interpretation of the Holy Quran. • Such adherents increased in number gradually • The adherents were Named Al‑Khaassah, الخاصه meaning the distinct, or the special. • These people became known as Al‑Shi'a.
The rest of the Muslim world: العامه • Al‑Aammah, العامه meant the general public • As Mu'awiya became Khalifa (ruler), he promoted the term Al‑Jama'ah الجماعه • Al‑Jama'ah الجماعه was used to gain support for Mu’awiya • About 150 years later, the term Jama'ah was modified • Al‑Sunnah wal Jama'ah السنه والجماعه. Was used up to the 3rd century H.
When the Madh’habs المذاهب were in a flux • By 3rd century H. the term was changed • Ahlul Sunnahاهل السنه replaced السنه والجماعه • Ahlul Sunnahاهل السنه was used for the four Sunni Schools of Thought. • By the year 250H the four Sunni Schools were popularized and patronized by: • the Abbasi government, • their own enthusiasts
The existing Schools of Thought by this stretch of time were: • Shi’a or Ja'fari, as headed by Imam Al‑Saadiq. • Sunni: • Hanafi, as headed by Abu Hanifa • Maaliki, as headed by Malik Ibn Anas. • Shafi'i, as headed by Ibn Idrees Al‑Shafi'i. • Hanbali, as headed by Ahmad Ibn Hanbal.
What is Shi’i and What is Sunni? • A Shi'i is a devotee of the Prophet’s Sunnah as passed down by Ahlul Bayt • A Sunni is a person who follows mostly the Sunnah of the Prophet as passed down by the Sahaaba
The Shi‘i Person • A devotee of Sunnah of the Prophet as taught by Ahlul Bayt. • Ahlul Bayt are the family of Muhammad • A Shi'i regards teaching of Ahlul Bayt as most authentic • A Shi'i believes in Imamah, as: • Divinely Commissioned, and • Specified by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). • A Shi'i believes in Ismah عصمه
Ismah عصمه • Ismah means Allah has shielded the Prophets and the Designated Imams from: • Sin, • Religious Error, and • Forgetfulness.
Sunni • A Sunni follows Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad as passed down by Sahaaba and Scholars. • Sunnah of some Khulafaa is said to be included in their teachings. • A Sunni does not believe in Imamah. • A Sunni does not believe in Ismah of the Imams.
Up to 150 years after the Prophet • The only evolving School of Thought was the Shi'a school • It was passed down by Imam Ali, and the Golden Chain of Narration • The Golden Chain of Narration consisted of Ali, Al‑Hasan, Al‑Husain, Zainul Abideen, Al‑Baaqir, and Al‑Saadiq • Later they included the 12 Imams
The Golden Chain of Narration • The Imams were the direct lineage of Prophet Muhammad. • Quotes of the Imams were regarded the same as those of the Prophet • The Shi'a would acknowledge narrations by other sources, as long as those narrations were confirmed by Ahlul Bayt
The Golden Chain of Narration • Thousands of Hadiths were narrated and quoted by Ahlul Bayt • Each Imam said, "My Hadith is the Hadith of my father, and his is the Hadith of his father, up to Ali, who directly narrated the Hadith from Prophet Muhammad " This is the Golden Chain of Narration. السلسه الذهبيه • These Hadiths were of immense importance, since they corrected the inaccuracies and set right the corruption that crept into this science.
The Vanished Schools of Thought • Madh'hab of Al‑Thawri renowned for 2 centuries • Madh'hab of Ibn U'yainah, renowned for 3 centuries • Madh'hab of Aw'zaa'i, followed for more than one century. • Madh'hab of Dawood Ibn Ali Al‑Dhaahiri, followed for several centuries.
Benu Umayya then Benu Abbas • Ahlul Bayt regarded the government of the time as invalid (unlawful): thus, the Opposition • Consequently, Collision with the government caused turmoil • Ahlul Bayt adamantly refrained from playing politics with Islam. • Thus Ahlul Bayt and their devotees suffered grievously at the hands of some Khalifas.
Al‑Madh'hab Al‑Ja'fari is: • The general summation of the Fiqh (rules and regulations) as taught by Ahlul Bayt, • Among other things Fiqh deals with: • tawhid, elements of faith, • elements of worship (pillars of Islam), • the halal and haram, • ethics, and dealing with people (Mu'aamalat).
Al-Saadiq taught: • Sciences of the Quran and Tafseer, علـوم القـران والتـفــسـيـر • Fiqh and Jurisprudence • Seerah of the Prophet (pbuh), الســيـره • Hadith, الحديث • Islamic philosophy الفلـســـفه الاسـلامـيه • Science of Kalaam, عـلم الــكلام • Chemistry, الكيمياء and Biology العلوم الطبيعيه • Arabic Language, اللغه العـربـيـه Grammar and literary works • Arabic literature الـفـصــاحـهand poetryالـشــعر.
The Institute graduatesEducational works of Al-Saadiq versus Al-Baaqir • During Al-Saadiq’s time, 4,000 Scholars graduated. • These Scholars wrote 400 books • The 400 books were written during his life and afterwards, up to 200H. • The graph shows relative numbers • This remarkable growth came only when pressure on Ahlul Bayt eased off
The Connection Al-Saadiq Abu Hanifa Al-Maaliki Abu Yusuf and Al-Sheibani Al-Shafi’i Al-Hanbali
Al‑Madh'hab Al‑Hanafi • Consists of the Fiqh rules and regulations as taught by Abu Hanifa. It deals with: • tawhid, elements of faith, • elements of worship (pillars of Islam), • the halal and haram, • ethics, dealing with people (Mu'aamalat).
Features of Al‑Madh'hab Al‑Hanafi • Tends to put more emphasis on: • Qiyas القـيــاس (Analogy) and • Raa'y الــرأى (personal opinion) • than an emphasis on Hadith choices, and the deductions therefrom.
Reason for Hanafi’s spread: • Spread: 20-30 Yrs after Abu Hanifa had died • Role of Abu Yusuf and Haroon al-Rasheed • Supported as a counterweight to Ahlul Bayt influence • Sheibani prolific writings • During the Ottoman's times, since only Hanafi allowed Khilaafah for Turks (non-Arab)
Al‑Madh'hab Al‑Maaliki • Consists of the Fiqh as taught by Malik Ibn Anas. It deals with: • tawhid, elements of faith, • elements of worship (pillars of Islam), • the halal and haram, • ethics, dealing with people (Mu'aamalat).
Features of Al‑Madh'hab Al‑Maaliki • Emphasizes the authenticity of the Hadith اهل الحديث , the care in its selection, and the deductions there from. • Also used some degree of Qiyas (Analogy) and Raa'y (Personal opinion). • It began its popularity in the last quarter of the 2nd century H.
Reason for its Spread: • Spread: Al-Mansoor’s Support, to counterweigh the influence of Ahlul Bayt • Appointing him as Chief Justice in Medina • Writing Fiqh book, on condition not to mention Imam Ali’s name even once. • Spread in Andalusia and North Africa with the help of Government
Al‑Madh'hab Al‑Shafi'i • Consists of the Fiqh as taught by Al‑Shafi'i • It deals with: • tawhid, elements of faith, • elements of worship (pillars of Islam), • halal and haram, • ethics, dealing with people (Mu'aamalat).
Features of Al‑Madh'hab Al‑Shafi'i • Uses some of the ways of Al‑Maaliki or Hanafi Madh'hab, i.e. less Qiyas or Raa'y • Excels in technique of Istin'baat الإستنباط (deductive reasoning) • Spread: Al‑Shafi'i School of Thought began its popularity around 190H and picked up steam in the century that followed.
Al‑Madh'hab Al‑Hanbali • Consists of the Fiqh as taught by Ahmad Ibn Hanbal. • It deals with: • tawhid, elements of faith, • elements of worship (pillars of Islam), • halal and haram, • ethics, dealing with people (Mu'aamalat).
Features of Al‑Madh'hab Al‑Hanbali • It emphasizes taking the Hadith literally (blindly) to such an extent that they were called As'haab Al‑Hadith اصحـــاب الحــديث. • It has almost no use for Qiyas (Analogy) or Raa'y (personal opinion). • Ahlul Hadith أهل الحديث were known long time before, but As'haab Al‑Hadith was the result of its evolution.
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