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Chapter 16: Automation: Technology performing functions otherwise performed by people

Chapter 16: Automation: Technology performing functions otherwise performed by people. Why automate? Classes of automation Problems with automation Potential solutions and automation design. Reasons for automation. 1) Dangerous or impossible tasks 2) Difficult or unpleasant tasks

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Chapter 16: Automation: Technology performing functions otherwise performed by people

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  1. Chapter 16: Automation: Technology performing functions otherwise performed by people • Why automate? • Classes of automation • Problems with automation • Potential solutions and automation design

  2. Reasons for automation 1) Dangerous or impossible tasks 2) Difficult or unpleasant tasks 3) Aid humans in demanding situations 4) Technologically possible, but not a good reason • Economic motivation, decreased costs • Safety motivation, decreased human involvement

  3. Classes of automation • Perception • Display of information • Alerts and warnings • Cognition • Diagnosis • Expert system guidance • Control • Position and speed control

  4. Problems with automation • Automation reliability • Calibration of trust and self-confidence • Workload • Loss of human cooperation/communication • Job satisfaction • Ironies of automation

  5. Problems with automation: Automation reliability • Potentially unreliable and must be monitored for low frequency failures • Dumb and dutiful, susceptible to configuration errors • Loss of expertise and ability to control manually • Primary/secondary inversion

  6. Problems with automation:Calibration of trust and self-confidence • Reliance on automation depends on trust in system and self confidence in own abilities • Calibration of trust and self confidence is critical • Mistrust: Failure to trust automation when it could enhance performance • Overtrust : Trust automation to work when inappropriate

  7. Requirements for calibrating trust Calibration C1 Purpose C2 C3 Product Trust Trustworthiness Human Automation C4 Process C5 C6

  8. Problems with automation: Workload • Reduce already low workload to dangerous levels • Clumsy automation exacerbates workload peaks and troughs

  9. Problems with automation: Loss of human cooperation • Tone of voice lost with data link • Activities of pilots masked by use of soft menus on electronic panels • Lack of flexibility in negotiating with automated systems • Poor team player: autonomous and authoritative • Automation induced surprises

  10. Problems with automation: Job satisfaction • Long-term performance depends on job satisfaction • Autonomy and ability to guide activities directly linked to worker health • Automation should consider the humane use of humans

  11. Problems with automation: Ironies of automation • Automation requires manual intervention during the most difficult situations, situations unexpected by the designers • Automation installed because it can do things better than operators, yet operators are meant to monitor the automation

  12. Potential solutions and automation design • Keep person informed • Keep person trained • Keep person in the loop • Make automation flexible • Maintain a positive management philosophy

  13. Potential solutions and automation design • Keep the operator informed • Direct perception/integrated displays for unobtrusive communication • Design displays to reveal the state and capabilities • Identify critical information and display requirements to enhance understanding • Keep the operator trained • Periodic experience managing automation failures • Training with automation features and limits • Periodic intervention with manual control

  14. Potential solutions and automation design • Keep the person in the loop • Level of automation and situation awareness tradeoff • Tool rather than prosthesis • Critique rather than provide directives • Limit monitoring overhead with functional integration • Coordinate various elements of automation • Build in links rather than force human to span gaps

  15. Potential solutions and automation design • Make automation flexible and adaptive • Support person in finishing the design(adjustable warning setpoints) • Dynamic selection of level of automation • Adapt automation to current workload? • Maintain a positive management philosophy • Don’t impose automation • Attend to the direction of the master/servant relationship

  16. Key considerations with automation • Automation can greatly enhance OR degrade system safety • Match human to automation • Functions, the purpose • Integration and algorithms, how it works (Semantics) • Control and display layout, what it looks like (Syntax) • Effective automation requires considerations beyond technical feasibility

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