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Chapter 11: Psychological Disorders. Chapter Outline. How should we define and explain psychological disorders?. The major classes of disorders identified by the DSM. Learning Objectives.
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Chapter Outline • How should we define and explain psychological disorders? • The major classes of disorders identified by the DSM
Learning Objectives • Understand how psychological disorders involve atypical behavior that causes personal or social impairment. • Understand how the use of labels has both risks and benefits. • Understand what are the major classes of disorders.
Medical Model • The medical modelproposes that psychological disorders have a biological basis and can be classified into categories like physical diseases. • Symptom: a sign of a disorder • Diagnosis: process of distinguishing one disorder from another • Etiology: the initial cause that led to the development of the disorder • Prognosis: prediction about the likely course of the disorder
Psychological Disorder • Psychological disorder:a pattern of atypical behavior that results in personal distress or significant impairment in a person’s social or occupational functioning • Comorbidity: the occurrence of two or more disorders at the same time
Theories to Explain Mental Illness (Slide 1 of 3) • Psychodynamic perspective: Disordered behavior is controlled by unconscious forces shaped by childhood experiences—founded by Sigmund Freud (e.g., Little Hans). • Behavioral perspectiveis disordered behavior caused by readily identifiable factors in the person’s environment and a byproduct of learning (e.g., conditioning).
Theories to Explain Mental Illness (Slide 2 of 3) • Cognitive perspective: Ineffective or inaccurate thinking is the root cause of mental illness. • Sociocultural perspective: Disordered behavior is caused by readily identifiable factors in the person’s environment and a byproduct of learning (e.g., conditioning). • Culture-bound syndromes: psychological disorders found only in a few cultural groups
Theories to Explain Mental Illness (Slide 3 of 3) • Biological perspective: Psychological disorders are caused by biological conditions, such as genetics, hormone levels, or neurotransmitter activity in the brain. • Multiperspective approach: Current explanations of of psychological disorders combine the different perspectives into one overall approach. • Diathesis-stress model: a predisposition to a given disorder that combines with environmental stressors to trigger a psychological disorder
How Should We Classify Psychological Disorders? • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): classification based on the medical model • Risks of labels • Dehumanize • Discrimination • Misperceive normal behaviors • Stigma • Benefits of labels • Summarizes symptoms • Possible causes of disorder • Prognosis
Anxiety Disorders (Slide 1 of 2) • Anxiety disordersare characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behavior. • Most common psychological disorder • Causes: biological, behavioral, and cognitive • Types • Panic disorder:characterized by episodes of intense fear that usually occurs suddenly • Agoraphobia:acute anxiety in situations where it is perceived to be difficult or embarrassing to escape • Specific phobias:characterized by strong fears of specific objects or situations
Anxiety Disorders (Slide 2 of 2) • Social anxiety disorder is characterized by intense fear of being humiliated in front of others • Generalized anxiety disorder: constant state of moderate anxiety • Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by persistent, distressing actions and/or thoughts • Post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by flashbacks and recurrent thoughts of traumatic events
Mood Disorders • Mood Disorders are characterized by emotional extremes that cause disruption in daily functioning. • Causes: biological • Depression • Major depressive disorder is characterized by extreme and persistent negative moods. • Dysthymia is characterized by chronic low-level depression for more then 2 years. • Bipolar Disorder ischaracterized by swings between mania and depression.
Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative disorders are characterized by disruptions in consciousness, memory, sense of identity, or perception. • Causes: biological; cognitive • Dissociative amnesia ischaracterized by the inability to recall important personal information. • Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities.
Schizophrenia • Schizophreniais characterized by impairments in thinking, such hallucinations, delusions, or loose associations. • Causes • Biological • Social • Dopamine • Abnormal brain structure • Brain sculpting in fetal development • Hallucinations (e.g., hearing voices) • Delusions: irrational belief system
Personality Disorders • Personality disorders are characterized by general styles of living that are ineffective and lead to problems. • Causes: Biological and environmental • Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a persistent pattern of disregard for others. • Borderline personality disorder is characterized by instability of interpersonal relationships, self-concept, and emotion. • Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by a self-centered and arrogant self-concept.
