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Arousal and Emotion

Arousal and Emotion. Target Goal :. Students explain the relationship between emotions and behavior. Arousal. Arousal response - pattern of physiological change that helps prepare the body for “fight or flight”. Moderately difficult task. Easy task. Quality of performance.

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Arousal and Emotion

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  1. Arousal and Emotion

  2. Target Goal : • Students explain the relationship between emotions and behavior.

  3. Arousal • Arousal response - pattern of physiological change that helps prepare the body for “fight or flight”

  4. Moderately difficult task Easy task Quality of performance Very difficult task Degree of arousal Yerkes-Dodson Law

  5. Concept of Emotion- Are you Spock or McCoy? • Draw an E on your Forehead

  6. Sensation-Seeking Scale • Thrill-Seeking • Experience-Seeking • Disinhibiting • Boredom Susceptibility

  7. Common-Sense Theory ( Some people eat bats) Stimulus (Tiger) Perception (Interpretation of stimulus-- danger) Emotion (Fear) Bodily arousal (Pounding heart) Theories of Emotion

  8. James’s Theory ( Some People Buy Eggs) Stimulus (Tiger) Perception (Interpretation of stimulus-- danger) Bodily arousal (Pounding heart) Emotion (Fear) James Lange's Peripheral Feedback Theory

  9. Stimulus (Tiger) Perception (Interpretation of stimulus-- danger) Bodily arousal (Pounding heart) Emotion (Fear) Type Intensity Schachter’s Cognition-Plus-Feedback Theory

  10. The High Bridge Study (Aron & Dutton, 1974)

  11. Physiological Component( Embodied Emotion)

  12. How do we feel love & Fear differently? • Cannon-Bard Theory= • The Thalamus sent signals to Prefrontal Cortex & Hypothalamus at the same time. • Cognition & Physiology occur together

  13. Evaluate the significance of emotional responses stimuli and generate Generate hormonal secretions and autonomic reactions that accompany strong emotions

  14. Video- The Science of Stress • http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=science+of+stress&search_type=&aq=4&oq=science+of+st

  15. Behavioral Component (Expressed Emotion)

  16. Ekman’s Facial Feedback Theory ( Cartoon demo) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3ZcZ2h4Ths&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

  17. Average happiness score Average anger score Facial expression Facial expression Ekman’s Facial Feedback Theory Facial expressions have an effect on self-reported anger and happiness

  18. Temperature change (degrees C) Heart rate change (beats per minute) (a) (b) Ekman’s Facial Feedback Theory Facial expressions can produce effects on the rest of the body

  19. Cognitive Component ( Experienced Emotion)

  20. How do we deal with Anger? Catharsis Hypothesis • “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges Does it work?

  21. What does not work? • -

  22. What should we do with anger? • Physiological response • Rumination is ruination • Sublimate via exercise, talk to friend, journal, play instrument • Forgiveness decreases anger

  23. Happiness- How do I get it?Write down Happy/ S & US • What is Happiness? • Subjective Well-Being • self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life • When should we ask for favors? • Feel-good, do-good phenomenon • people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

  24. Experienced Emotion • Changing materialism

  25. $20,000 $19,000 $18,000 $17,000 $16,000 $15,000 $14,000 $13,000 $12,000 $11,000 $10,000 $9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 Average per-person after-tax income in 1995 dollars 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Percentage describing themselves as very happy Personal income Percentage very happy 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Experienced Emotion • Does money buy happiness?

  26. Why do we feel unhappy sometimes? • Adaptation-Level Phenomenon • tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level Relative Deprivation • perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

  27. What does make us happy? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o52a7eZABF4

  28. 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 Importance scores Money Love 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 Life satisfaction Experienced Emotion • Values and life satisfaction

  29. Can we read nonverbal cues? EMOTIONAL DETECTIVES: • People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one (Ohman, 2001) • Can you detect deception?

  30. 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Number of expressions Women Men Sad Happy Scary Film Type Whose better at reading emotion? • Gender and expressiveness

  31. Is emotion universal? • Culturally universal expressions

  32. Are expressions innate or learned? • Infants’ naturally occurring emotions

  33. Paul Ekmans Research • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PFqzYoKkCc

  34. STOP HERE….. • Stress Film

  35. Stress and Illness • Stress • the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

  36. Response Appraisal Threat (“Yikes! This is beyond me!”) Panic, freeze up Stressful event (tough math test) Challenge (“I’ve got to apply all I know”) Aroused, focused Stress Appraisal

  37. The body’s resistance to stress can last only so long before exhaustion sets in Stress resistance Stressor occurs Phase 1 Alarm reaction (mobilize resources) Phase 2 Resistance (cope with stressor) Phase 3 Exhaustion (reserves depleted) Stress and Illness • General Adaptation Syndrome • Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages

  38. Stress and Health • Health Psychology • subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

  39. Perceived Control • Equality and Longevity

  40. 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Hopelessness scores Men who feel extreme hopelessness are at greater risk for heart attacks and early death Heart attack Death Low risk Moderate risk High risk Stress and the Heart

  41. Stress and the Heart • Coronary Heart Disease • clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle • leading cause of death in many developed countries

  42. Stress and the Heart • Type A • Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people • Type B • Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

  43. Stress and Disease • Psychophysiological Illness • “mind-body” illness • any stress-related physical illness • some forms of hypertension • some headaches • distinct from hypochondria— misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

  44. Stress and Disease • Lymphocytes • two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system • B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections • T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

  45. UCS (drug) UCR (immune suppression) CS (sweetened water) UCS (drug) UCR (immune suppression) CS (sweetened water) CR (immune suppression) Stress and Disease • Conditioning of immune suppression

  46. Heart disease Persistent stressors and negative emotions Release of stress hormones Immune suppression Unhealthy behaviors (smoking, drinking, poor nutrition and sleep) Autonomic nervous system effects (headaches, hypertension) Stress and Disease • Negative emotions and health-related consequences

  47. 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Depression score No-treatment group Relaxation treatment group Aerobic exercise group Before treatment evaluation After treatment evaluation Promoting Health • Aerobic Exercise • sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness

  48. Promoting Health • Biofeedback • system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state • blood pressure • muscle tension

  49. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Percentage of patients with recurrent heart attacks (cumulative average) Control patients Modifying life-style reduced recurrent heart attacks Life-style modification patients 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Year Promoting Health • Modifying Type A life-style can reduce recurrence of heart attacks

  50. Percentage with high support 100% 90 80 70 60 50 12-14 18-19 25-34 45-54 65-74 15-17 20-24 35-44 55-64 75+ Age in years Promoting Health • Social support across the life span

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