Verbs: Mood and Verbals

1. Verbs: Mood and Verbals 8th ELA-Schreiber

2. Mood • English verbs have four moods: indicative, imperative, subjunctive, and infinitive. • Mood is the form of the verb that shows the mode or manner in which a thought is expressed.

3. Indicative Mood • expresses an assertion, denial, or question • Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas. • Ostriches cannot fly. • Have you finished your homework?

4. Imperative Mood • expresses command, prohibition, entreaty, or advice: • Don’t smoke in this building. • Be careful! • Don’t drown that puppy!

5. Subjunctive Mood • expresses doubt or something contrary to fact. • Modern English speakers use indicative mood most of the time, resorting to a kind of “mixed subjunctive” that makes use of helping verbs:

6. Subjunctive • If I should see him, I will tell him. • Americans are more likely to say: • If I see him, I will tell him.(ind) • The verb may can be used to express a wish: • May you have many more birthdays. • May you live long and prosper.

7. Subjunctive • The verb were can also indicate the use of the subjunctive: • If I were you, I wouldn’t keep driving on those tires. • If he were governor, we’d be in better fiscal shape.

8. Infinitive Mood • expresses an action or state without reference to any subject. It can be the source of sentence fragments when the writer mistakenly thinks the infinitive form is a fully-functioning verb.

9. Infinitive • When we speak of the English infinitive, we usually mean the basic form of the verb with “to” in front of it: to go, to sing, to walk, to speak. (dictionary form)

10. Infinitive • Verbs said to be in the infinitive mood can include participle forms ending in -ed and -ing. Verbs in the infinitive mood are not being used as verbs, but as other parts of speech: VERBALS

11. Verbals • A verbal is a word that is formed from a verb that act as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. • There are three types of verbals • Gerunds • Infinitive • Participles

12. Verbals-Gerunds • A gerund is a verbal that ends in –ing and acts as a noun • Like nouns gerunds may be subject, predicate nominatives, direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions.

13. Gerunds-Examples • Subject- • Calling the monster Frankenstein is a mistake. • Predicate Nominative- • Frankenstein’ s error was creating the monster

14. Gerunds Examples • Direct Object- • I like watching horror movies. • Object of a preposition- • The monster was responsible for killing three people

15. Gerunds-Phrase • A gerund phrase consists of a gerund plus it modifier and complements • Writing Frankenstein must have given Mary Shelly goose bumps!

16. Participle • A participle is a verb form that acts as a noun. It modifies a noun or a pronoun. • The exhausted campers found a crumbling schoolhouse.

17. Participle-Continued • There are two kinds of participles • The present participle always ends in –ing • Creaking eerily, the door swung open.

18. Participle-continued • The past participle ends in –ed or the simple past tense form of the verb. • The deserted building was old and decrepit. • Fallen brick blocked the entryway

19. Participle Phrases • A participle phrase consist of a participle plus it modifiers and complements • They spied a shapelurking in the dark shadow. • Frightened by the sight, they stopped cold.

20. Infinitives-Verbals • Verbs in the infinitive mood are not being used as verbs, but as other parts of speech: • To err is human; to forgive, divine. Here, to err and to forgive are used as nouns.

21. Infinitive-Verbals • He is a man to be admired. Here, to be admired is an adjective, the equivalent of admirable. It describes the noun man. • He came to see you. Here, to see you is used as an adverb to tell why he came.

22. Infinitive Phrae • An infinitive phrase is an infinitive plus its modifiers and complement. • The entire phrase functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. • To believe in life on Mars was common in the 1930s. (noun) • Martians might use flying saucers to invade Earth. (adverb) • I took time to read an old science fiction book. (adjective)