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Module 1 - Renewable Energy Presenter - Dr Mahendra Kumar

Module 1 - Renewable Energy Presenter - Dr Mahendra Kumar. Institutional Capacity Building on Renewable Energy Training in Pacific Island Developing States (PIDS). Pilot Training on Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) 29th March - 2nd April, 2004 , Suva, Fiji Islands.

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Module 1 - Renewable Energy Presenter - Dr Mahendra Kumar

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  1. Module 1 - Renewable Energy Presenter - Dr Mahendra Kumar Institutional Capacity Building on Renewable Energy Training in Pacific Island Developing States (PIDS) Pilot Training on Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) 29th March - 2nd April, 2004, Suva, Fiji Islands

  2. 1. Section 1 - Energy Today 2. Section 2 - Wind Power 3. Section 3 - Hydro Power 4. Section 4 - Biomass 5. Section 5 - Solar Energy 6. Section 6 - Ocean Energy 7. Section 7 - Geothermal Power 8. Section 8 - Economics Outline

  3. Section 1 - Energy Today • 1.1.1 - Overview • 1.1.2 - Sustainable Development and Energy • 1.1.3 - What is Renewable Energy • 1.1.4 - Characteristics of Renewable Energy

  4. 1.1.1 Overview Fossil fuels - dominant source Fossil fuels - non renewable (infinite energy source) Social and sustainability problems due to using fossil fuels as an energy source Pollution and environmental impacts caused due to energy production Need to find substitutes for fossil fuels Section 1 - Energy Today

  5. Primary Energy Sources in the World (1999)

  6. Primary Energy Sources in Developing Countries (1999)

  7. Trends in Global Energy Use 1. Per Capita energy consumption: • Industrialised 4.7 toe • Developing 0.78 toe • World average 1.5 toe 2. Energy systems heavily dependent on fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) –80% of primary energy consumption.

  8. Section 1 - Energy Today (cont) 1.1.2 Energy and Sustainable Development • Sustainable Development - popular definition “meeting the needs of the present generation without comprising the needs of the future generation” • Global Population Trend

  9. Energy and Sustainability • Important issues between energy and economy, environmental protection, social issues and security. • Economic: energy prices and energy use • Energy and social issues: Energy use linked to poverty alleviation, popn growth, urbanisation, opportunities for women

  10. Poverty • Overriding issue in developing countries • 1.3 billion people in DCs live on < $1/day • Globally 2 billion people with no access to electricity • 100m women spend hours gathering firewood • Stoves have significant health impacts • Population growth increases demand

  11. Energy and Environment • Production and consumption of fossil fuels affects human health and quality of life, and ecological balance and biodiversity.

  12. Section 1 - Energy Today (cont) • 2 problems to be addressed by the current sustainable energy policies 1. Depletion of fossil fuels and the economic and environmental costs of using fossil fuels 2. Pressure to increase energy use due to increase in the standard of living and the population growth

  13. Total Energy Demand as a Function of Population Section 1 - Energy Today (cont)

  14. The Challenge of Sustainability • Today’s energy system unsustainable because of equity, environmental, economic and geopolitical issues • Modern fuels not universally accessible • Current system not reliable or affordable • Negative local, regional and environmental impacts

  15. Section 1 - Energy Today (cont) • 2 possible ways towards a sustainable energy path 1. Enhanced energy efficiency through both ‘demand’ and ‘supply’ side management 2. Increased use of renewable energy

  16. The Way Forward • More efficient use of energy, current efficiencies = 1/3 • Increased use of renewable energy sources • Accelerated development and deployment of new energy technologies • 1998 – new renewable contributed 2% • PVs and wind growing at 30% • Installed capacity of new renewables increasing

  17. Section 1 - Energy Today (cont) 1.1.3 What is Renewable Energy? • 5 ultimate sources of useful energy 1. The sun 2. The motion and gravitational potential of the sun. moon and earth 3. Geothermal energy from cooling, chemical reactions and radioactive decay in the earth 4. Nuclear reactions on the earth 5. Chemical reactions from mineral sources

  18. Section 1 - Energy Today (cont) Renewable Energy Currents

  19. Section 1 - Energy Today (cont) 1.1.4 Characteristics of Renewable Energy 1. Relatively advanced technology 2.Produce power in a wide range of capacities - most 3. Initial investments are comparable with those of conventional power stations 4. Low annual operation and maintenance costs 5. Intermittent in nature - energy source 6. Produce no emissions during power generation 7.Modularity of renewable energy plants 8. ‘Distributed’ applications of renewable energy plants

  20. Section 2 - Wind Power • P = 0.5 ρ A v3 • Measurements in several countries indicate a good wind regime. • Need average speeds of >6 m/s for competitive rates, maybe 5.5 m/s for remote locations • Mature, well established technology and a definite option if the wind regime is good!

  21. Section 3 - Hydro Power • 1.3.1 - Overview • 1.3.2 - Principles • 1.3.3 - Resource Assessment • 1.3.4 - Components of Hydro Power Plants

  22. Section 3 - Hydro Power (cont) 1.3.1 Overview • Hydrological Cycle

  23. Section 3 - Hydro Power (cont) 1.3.2 Principles

  24. Section 3 - Hydro Power (cont) 1.3.3 Resource Assessment 2 main factors: 1.The volume of water per second. 2.The vertical height that water can be made to fall (head)

  25. Section 3 - Hydro Power (cont) 1.3.4 Components of Hydro Power Plants

  26. Activity 1A - Hydro Power Resources What is the potential for hydropower in your country? The flow rate for a small stream is estimated at 40 liters per second. If the water falls through 20m, estimate the maximum power available? There is concern about the environmental impact of large hydro power schemes and a shift towards mini or micro power schemes. Consider the use of small hydro for providing electricity to rural isolated communities. Does your country have potential for small-scale hydropower? Section 3 - Hydro Power (cont)

  27. Section 4 - Biomass 1.4.1 - Overview 1.4.2 - Energy Value of Biomass 1.4.3 - Methods of Generating Energy from Biomass

  28. Section 4 - Biomass (cont) 1.4.1 Overview • Various uses of Biomass

  29. Section 4 - Biomass (cont) 1.4.2 Energy Value of Biomass 1. wood 8-15 MJ/kg 2. crop residues 12-15 MJ/kg 3. biofuels ethanol 30 MJ/kg biogas 28 MJ/kg coconut oil 39 MJ/kg 4. fossil petrol 47 MJ/kg diesel 46 MJ/kg coal 27 MJ/kg natural gas 55 MJ/kg

  30. Section 4 - Biomass (cont) 1.4.3 Methods of Generating Energy from Biomass • Combustion • Pyrolysis • Fermentation • Anaerobic digestion • Biofuels • Waste to Energy

  31. Section 4 - Biomass (cont) Activity 1A - Biomass Resources 1. What proportion of the primary energy in your country is derived from biomass? 2. What are some of the ways in which biomass is used in your country? 3. What would be the potential of biomass resources in your country? How would you estimate this potential? 4. How much municipal waste is produced in your country on a per capita basis and/or total amount? 5. How is this waste disposed? 6. Have there been any feasibility studies on recycling wastes for the purposes of energy production, or for land fills?

  32. Section 5 - Solar Energy • 1.5.1 - Overview • 1.5.2 - Solar Energy Utilisation • 1.5.3 - Solar Water Heating • 1.5.4 - Solar Electric Systems • 1.5.5 - Solar Thermal Electricity

  33. 1.5.1 Overview Various Processes of the solar radiation at the surface of the earth Section 5 - Solar Energy (cont)

  34. Section 5 - Solar Energy (cont) 1.5.2 Energy Density

  35. Section 5 - Solar Energy (cont) 1.5.2 Solar Energy Utilisation • Active Systems • Passive Systems

  36. Section 5 - Solar Energy (cont) 1.5.3 Solar Water Heating • 2 main components 1. Collector 2. Water storage tank • Collectors generally mounted on a north-facing roof (in the southern hemisphere)

  37. Section 5 - Solar Energy (cont) • 1.5.4 Solar Electric Systems • 3 main components • 1. Modules that convert sunlight into electricity • 2. Inverters that convert that electricity into alternating current so it can be used by most household appliances and possibly or sometimes batteries that store excess electricity produced by the system • 3. The remainder of the system comprises equipment such as wiring, circuit breakers, and support structures

  38. Section 5 - Solar Energy (cont) 1.5.5 Solar Thermal Electricity • Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Engine generator receiver mirror Steam turbine

  39. Section 5 - Solar Energy (cont) Activity 1C -Solar Resources 1. What is the solar potential in your country? (Hint: you may have to look at the records to ascertain the sunshine hours or insolation) 2. In your country, what is the extent of use of solar energy for • Water heating? • Crop drying? • Other uses (please specify)? 3. PV systems have become popular ways to provide home lighting systems in many parts of the Pacific. What is the capacity of installed PV in your country (number of houses with PV and any centralised systems)?

  40. Section 6 - Ocean Energy Overview • Two-thirds of earth’s surface covered with water, more so for island countries • Ocean energy can be harnessed as • Mechanical (waves, tides and currents) • Chemical (salinity gradients, biomass) • Thermal (temperature gradients)

  41. Section 6 - Ocean Energy (cont) Wave Power • The power in the waves, P is given as P = ( g2 H2 T) / 32 H = amplitude of the waves, T = period P is directly proportional to H and T.

  42. Section 6 - Ocean Energy (cont) Wave Device

  43. Section 6 - Ocean Energy (cont)

  44. Section 6 - Ocean Energy (cont) Tidal Power • Tides due to gravitational field due to sun and moon. For semi-diurnal tidal regime • E = 7.09 A r2 E = gross energy production (TJ) A = area of the basin (km2 ) r = average tidal range (m)

  45. Section 6 - Ocean Energy (cont) OTEC • OTEC system is essentially a heat engine operating between the ‘cold’ temperature Tc of the water at some substantial depth, and the hot temperature Th of the surface water. • Temperature difference of 20oC between warm, solar absorbing surface water and cooler ‘bottom’ water can occur.

  46. Section 6 - Ocean Energy (cont) There are 3 types of OTEC systems: • Closed cycle – this uses working fluid such as ammonia which is pumped a closed loop. • Open cycle - uses warm sea water as the working fluid. • Hybrid – uses both closed and open cycle system, produces electricity and desalinated water.

  47. Section 6 - Ocean Energy (cont) OTEC

  48. Section 7 - Geothermal Power • 1.7.1 - Overview • 1.7.2 - Nature of Geothermal Reources • 1.7.3 - Geothermal Systems • 1.7.4 - Geothermal Electricity

  49. Section 7 - Geothermal Power (cont) 1.7.1 Overview • Heat contained within the earth • Geological phenomena • Geothermal Fluids • High temperatures and pressures

  50. Section 7 - Geothermal Power (cont) 1.7.2 Nature of Geothermal Resources • The earth’s crust. Mantle and core

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