CLEANING SYSTEM ONBOARD SHIP

1. CLEANING SYSTEM ONBOARD SHIP TOPIC 3

2. Introduction to solvents shipping industry

3. SOLVENT • Solvent – a substance that dissolves a solute (liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution. • Solvent – usually a liquid, but also can be a solid or gas.

4. USES OF SOLVENT IN SHIPPING INDUSTRY • HULL CLEANING • Hull are typically cleaned and stripped with high pressure water guns and/or dry, abrasive blasting. • Abrasive blasting – operation/method performed to remove surface contaminants to provide enhanced coating adhesion on surface. • Abrasive blasting uses compressed air or water to direct a high velocity stream of an abrasive material to clean an object or surface, remove burrs, apply a texture, or prepare a surface for the application of paint or other type of coating.

5. Abrasive Blasting Dry Wet • Sand • Metallic grit • Aluminum oxide • Silicon carbide • Sand • Glass beads

6. Common contaminants that blast operations are trying to remove include : mill scale, rust, salt, dirt, oxidization and/or flake coating. • Common blasting materials used in shipbuilding and repair are : copper slag, coal slag, steel grit, aluminum oxide, garnet, walnut shells and silica sand. • Advantage : it keeps the surface intact, while everything else is removed.

7. Health Hazards • Abrasive blasting operations can create high levels of dust and noise. Abrasive material and the surface being blasted may contain toxic materials (e.g., lead paint, silica) that are hazardous to workers. • Silica sand (crystalline) can cause silicosis, lung cancer, and breathing problems in exposed workers. • Coal slag, copper slag, nickel slag, glass and garnet sand may cause lung damage similar to silica sand (based on preliminary animal testing). • Steel grit and shot have less potential to cause lung damage.

8. Engineering controls • 1. Substitution • Use a less toxic abrasive blasting material. • Use abrasives that can be delivered with water (slurry) to reduce dust. • 2. Isolation and Containment • Use barriers and curtain walls to isolate the blasting operation from other workers. • Use blast rooms or blast cabinets for smaller operations. • Use restricted areas for non-enclosed blasting operations. • Keep coworkers away from the blaster. • 3. Ventilation • Use exhaust ventilation systems in containment structures to capture dust.

9. The bottom of a fouled ship

10. Biofouling - the accumulation of microorganisms, plant, algae or animals on wetted surfaces. • On ships’ hulls, biofouling results in an increase in roughness, which in turn leads to an increase in hydrodynamic drag as the vessel moves through water. • Biocides can be used to control biofouling.

11. Biocides - chemical substances that can deter or kill the microorganisms responsible for biofouling. • The most commonly used biocide, and anti-fouling agent, is the tributyltin moiety (TBT). It is toxic to both microorganisms and larger aquatic organisms. • The present of TBT based anti-fouling coatings on marine vessels is a current environmental problem.

12. MARINE COATING APPLICATION • Usually - Painting of ship hulls and done mainly with spray guns. • Applying coating for protective and aesthetic purpose. • Anti-fouling coatings – a specialized coating applied to the hull of a ship or boat in order to slow the growth of organisms that attach to the hull and can affect a vessel's performance and durability.

13. These anti-foulants have highly levels of heavy metal and other organic growth prohibitors. • Use copper as anti-fouling : • Safe, no handling hazards • Effective against fouling organisms at the surface of the underwater hull • No effect on non target organisms • • Acute toxicity: ”Copper is remarkably non toxic”*

14. Environmental Impacts • Abrasive blasting • This process generates particulate matter from the breakdown of the removed pigmented coatings and substrate. • Particulate matter and/or fine dust give bad effect to the human and environment.

15. Marine coating • Paints contain solvents and pigments with heavy metals. • Many solvent contain volatile organic compounds (VOC) and/or hazardous air pollutions (HAPs). • VOC and HAPs can cause cancer and formation of ground level ozon.

16. Anti-foulants • The colonization of barnacles, algae and other fouling marine organisms on the hulls. • The active biocides have typically been tributyltin(TBT), or cuprous (copper) compound. • TBT causes adverse reproductive and immune effects on shellfish at low level. • If copper accumulates in the aquatic environment, it can have a detrimental effect on marine life.

17. Environmental Regulations • Air Quality • The Clean Air Act (CAA) regulates air emissions. • To control emissions of HAPS, issued to National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) which cover emissions limits, work practices, initial performance testing, recordkeeping and reporting.

18. Water Quality • The Clean Water Act regulates the contamination of waterways. • The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) regulates discharges from shipyard facilities.

19. Hazardous/Solid Waste • Shipyards are subject to regulations under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regarding the treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes and solid wastes. • RCRA include sludge and still bottoms containing heavy metals or other hazardous compound.

20. Environmental Ship Cleaning System Methodology

21. CLEANING SYSTEM IN SHIPPING • Today the biochemical corrosion which causes great harm to the ship's hull and other marine facilities gives a lot of anxiety to the shipowners. • Cleaning system designed to protect the ship against fouling, the similar outgrowth can be 500 millimeters in thickness and sometimes even more. • The regular underwater cleaning of the ship makes it possible to restore the initial speed by 95-98% and respectively to decrease the fuel oil costs which, as a rule, account for almost half of the operating costs.

22. Hull cleaning aims to ensure boats maintain their hull speed, fuel efficiency and appearance. Diver cleaning, using manual or power tools, is the most common form of in-water hull cleaning. Scrubbing hulls coated in antifouling paints releases toxic metals and possible pest species, which may contaminate the water • The ship cleaning or wash-down - water produced when cleaning vessels may contain chemicals such as chlorine, copper, zinc, phosphates, ammonia, bio fouling, fish waste, paint chips and introduced or invasive pest species. All of these have accumulative impacts on water quality

23. Cleaning and degreasing of metal parts in the metal finishing and metal working industries has traditionally been accomplished by the use of chlorinated solvents in vapour degreasers or immersion systems. • Due to concern over the ozone layer, and worker health, increasingly strict environmental regulations have been promulgated on the use of chlorinated solvents. Traditional chlorinated solvent cleaning is becoming a process of the past

24. METHOD OF SHIP CLEANING • Deck Wash down Deck wash down means strip, clean and stain a deck includes anchor cleaning and de-rusting. The wash-down water produced when cleaning vessels may contain chemicals such as chlorine, copper, zinc, phosphates, ammonia, biofouling, fish waste, paint chips and introduced or invasive pest species. All of these have detrimental and accumulative impacts on water quality. Biofouling occurs when marine life, such as algae or barnacles, attaches to any surface, including hulls, anchors or fishing gear. If the detergents or chemical used in cleaning the spillage control equipment must be used such as absorbent sausage in order to control the wash down water from discharge overboard. The wash down water need to be disposed into sewer or septic system. Deck wash down is normally be done on board ship by using soft brushes and jet water with high pressure. There are few products being used for the cleaning such as Degreaser Kleen, Enviro Spill Kleen, and Oil Spill Kleen.

25. METHOD OF SHIP CLEANING • Hull Cleaning • Hull cleaning means to clear all the growth which may become friction and the cleaning enables the ship to travel efficiently through the water. Cleaning can be done either in water (underwater cleaning) or in dry dock. • In dry dock cleaning process is using sand blasting. In underwater cleaning, method of the mechanical cleaning by means of the hydraulic metals.

26. Hull Surface Treatment (HST) • Hull Surface Treatment (HST) is a new environmentally friendly treatment for removing growth from a ship’s hull. • This system is completely safe-no chemicals, detergents or substances which harmful to marine environment.

27. HST utilises thermal shock to instantly kill the growth and spores. HST system not remove live organisms into the local marine eco-system of port but rather kills all biofouling and leaves it attached to the ship’s hull • The system does not employ paints, chemicals, detergents or any other substances that are harmful to the marine environment HST does not immediately remove the growth. When the ship sails, the dead material is stripped away from the hull by accelerated hydraulic forces and wave action. After a few weeks the hull surface is completely clean without any damage to existing antifouling or contamination to marine ecology

28. Advantages of hull cleaning • Ship's weight decreases, hence manoeuvrability and speed increase; • Surfaces are ready for inspections or repair works; • Fuel oil consumption decreases; • Conserve energy; • Emit lower green-house gases • Ship's total lifetime increases.

29. WHY SHOULD CONSIDER HST? • Hull Cleaning

31. PROPELLER POLISIHING Propeller Polishing means to clean the propeller for better propulsion. This includes rudder Various methods are used for cleaning such as scrubbing and manual scrapping Method of the mechanical cleaning by means of the hydraulic metals. A properly polished propeller is a necessity and must be carried out by a competent organization. Failure to do so could lead to deterioration of the propeller leading to additional problems

32. A properly polished propeller will reduce slippage and increase vessel efficiency. If left untreated it will result in an increase of power absorption and for a fixed pitch propeller will result in a reduction of service rotational speed If not polished correctly, the fouling quickly re-establishes itself on a rough propeller. Because the cost of the underwater polish will only be a small proportion of the fuel savings, the most important factor to be considered is the quality of the polishing

33. Method of Ship Cleaning • Propeller Polishing

34. TANK CLEANING A tank cleaning means cleaning the enormous variety of chemical cargoes. Chemical tankers transport an enormous variety of chemical and oil products in global and short sea trade. Due to this variety the next cargo is almost never identical with the previous cargo. Thus tank cleaning is essential on chemical and product tankers Tank cleaning machines wash out the internal surfaces of a storage, marine or process tanks. Tank cleaning machines often use a spray washing systems. Some systems can have automated retraction or extension mechanisms to automate moving the spray head and lance into the tank In the manual tanking cleaning method, an operator must enter the tank and manually clean the internal surfaces. Operator can be exposed to toxic fumes, hazardous liquid chemicals and suffocation risks. Tank cleaning systems are safer and can be more than 10 times faster than manual methods

35. Method of Ship Cleaning Deck Wash down Propeller Polishing Hull Cleaning Tank Cleaning

36. CLEANING PRODUCT ***Solvents and Cleaners A solvent could be defined as any substance that can dissolve another substance. For example, pure water is a solvent for many polar and ionic compounds. Petroleum hydrocarbons are good solvents for many nonpolar organic compounds. In most of the industrial trade literature the term solvent refers to non-aqueous substances, whereas the term cleaner refers to substances that use water. Cleaners are water-based and generally contain additives that allow them to remove contaminants.

37. Cleaning Product

38. Cleaning Product

39. CHLORINATED SOLVENT DEGREASING Solvent degreasing is a process in which a cleaning agent is applied directly to the surface by spraying, brushing, or wiping. This process removes oil, grease, dirt, loose particles, and any other contaminants that may exist on the surface of the material Chlorinated solvents are a large family of chemical compounds that contain chlorine, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene (TCE), or methylene chloride Workers can be exposed to chlorinated solvents through the absorption of solvents, through inhalation and skin contact

40. Why chlorinated solvent has been used: It have been used for degreasing because they quickly dissolve organic soils such as oil, grease, and dirt from parts and residual solvent on parts evaporates rapidly, leaving them clean, dry, and ready However, use of most chlorinated solvents is being phased out by increasingly stringent state and federal air regulations Some solvents used are ozone-depleting and global warming compounds and have risks they pose to human health. Numerous aqueous, or water-based, cleaning chemicals are now available that are significantly less toxic than chlorinated solvents

41. Reasons for Replacing Solvent Degreasing with Aqueous Cleaning : • Comply with federal and state regulations • Eliminate solvent storage and handling • Eliminate potential for accidental releases • Create safer working conditions • Eliminate air regulatory compliance costs • Eliminate solvent purchase and disposal costs • Eliminate emissions of ozone-depleting, global • Warming, and hazardous compounds

42. ALTERNATIVE TO CHLORINATED SOLVENT DEGREASING Mineral spirits is a solvent commonly used for part cleaning because of its ability to quickly dissolve oil, grease, and heavy lubricants. Although it is effective for cleaning, mineral spirits raise significant environmental and human health concerns: • Mineral spirits contain volatile organic compounds (VOC) that contribute to smog formation and may be toxic when inhaled. • Mineral spirits evaporate quickly, making worker exposure difficult to control. • Spent mineral spirits is a hazardous waste and the shop owner is responsible for proper disposal of all hazardous wastes. • Some areas of the country have already restricted the use of solvents in parts cleaning operations. Using solvents creates unnecessary environmental, worker health, and fire liabilities for your shop. Minimize your costs and liabilities by switching to aqueous solutions. These include aqueous cleaning, media blasting, carbon dioxide blasting, and supercritical carbon dioxide

43. Alternative to Chlorinated Solvent Degreasing • Media Blasting Is the process of removing unwanted material with an air blast that throws abrasive particles against the surface of the parts as they are cycled on a conveyor. It is often used for general maintenance . For example, it is often used on ships and bridges to remove paint and various coatings. • Carbon Dioxide Blasting (CO2) CO2 blasting is an alternative process to chemical cleaning and stripping. There are two basic types of CO2 blasting systems, pellet blasting for heavy cleaning and snow blasting for precision cleaning. • Supercritical Carbon Dioxide The Supercritical carbon dioxide is a fluid state of carbon dioxide where it is held at or above its critical temperature and critical pressure. Supercritical CO2 is becoming an important commercial and industrial solvent due to its role in chemical extraction in addition to its low toxicity and environmental impact

44. INTRODUCTION AQUEOUS CLEANING IN SHIPPING Aqueous cleaners are water-based solutions. Instead of dissolving grease and solids, aqueous cleaners rely on heat, agitation, and soap action to break dirt into smaller particles. Although they clean differently, aqueous cleaners perform as well as solvents. Aqueous cleaners are defined as water based cleaners These agents provide multiple degrees of freedom in formulating, blending, and concentrating, and also provide useful synergistic effects. Aqueous cleaning solutions can last longer than solvents Health risks associated with aqueous cleaners are relatively low. However some aqueous cleaners contain organic substances that may be hazardous. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for individual products should be consulted before use Aqueous cleaning is more effective at higher temperatures, and normally is performed above 120°F using suitable immersion, spray, or ultrasonic washing equipment. Good engineering practices and process controls tend to be more important in aqueous cleaning to achieve optimum and consistent results

46. TYPES OF AQUEOUS CLEANING UNIT Spray: Parts are sprayed with cleaning solution at high pressure in an enclosed cabinet Immersion: Parts are immersed in cleaning solution agitated by mechanical oscillation submerged spray nozzles, or ultrasonic Wet Blast: Parts are blasted with a water and abrasive medium at extremely high pressure Sink-Top: Parts are manually scrubbed in a sink, and cleaning solution is applied via a nozzle or flow through brush

47. SEMI-AQUEOUS CLEANING Semi-aqueous cleaners are made of natural or synthetic organic solvents, corrosion inhibitors, and other additives. Water is used in some part of the cleaning process (washing and/or rinsing), hence the name, semi-aqueous The aqueous based cleaning systems addressed in this report can be divided into three cleaning methods: immersion, spray, and ultrasonic The primary pollution prevention benefit of semi aqueous cleaners is that they are non-ozone-depleting. Distillation and membrane filtration technologies are being developed that will permit recycling and reuse of the products In general, the semi-aqueous cleaners have excellent, solvency for a number of difficult contaminants, such as heavy grease, tar, and waxes. Semi-aqueous cleaners are noncorrosive to most metals and generally are safe to use with most plastics

48. DISADVANTAGES OF SEMI-AQUEOUS • While rinsing may cause corrosion of the assemblies • Limonene-based terpenes have a strong citrus odor that may be objectionable • Concentrated rinse water should not be discharged without prior treatment • Some hydrocarbons could be classified as volatile organic compounds which contribute to the formation of smog an air quality concern in some areas • The reproductive health problems associated with glycol ethers are a cause for serious concern • Their strong odors may become objectionable to workers, thus requiring additional ventilation in areas where they are used

49. PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH AQUEOS CLEANING SYSTEM IN SHIPPING • Pollution hazards Cleaning agents referred to in regulation 13.5.2 of MARPOL Annex II fall outside the scope of these guidelines and their data should not be submitted for evaluation. MARPOL Annex II regulations for the discharge of Noxious Liquid Substances include restrictions on the types of cleaning additives allowed to be used in tank washing operations as follows: "13.5.2 When small amounts of cleaning additives (detergent products) are added to water in order to facilitate tank washing, no additives containing pollution category X components shall be used except those components that are readily biodegradable and present in a total concentration of less than 10%. No restrictions additional to those applicable to the tank due to the previous cargo should apply."

50. Problem Associated with Aqueous Cleaning System in Shipping The Annex II Regulations for the control of pollution by noxious liquid substances in bulk define a four-category categorization system for noxious and liquid substances. The categories are: Category X: Noxious Liquid Substances which, if discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or deballasting operations, are deemed to present a major hazard to either marine resources or human health and, therefore, justify the prohibition of the discharge into the marine environment Category Y: Noxious Liquid Substances which, if discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or deballasting operations, are deemed to present a hazard to either marine resources or human health or cause harm to amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea and therefore justify a limitation on the quality and quantity of the discharge into the marine environment Category Z: Noxious Liquid Substances which, if discharged into the sea from tank cleaning or deballasting operations, are deemed to present a minor hazard to either marine resources or human health and therefore justify less stringent restrictions on the quality and quantity of the discharge into the marine environment Other Substances: substances which have been evaluated and found to fall outside Category X, Y or Z because they are considered to present no harm to marineresources, human health, amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea when discharged into the sea from tank cleaning of deballasting operations. The discharge of bilge or ballast water or other residues or mixtures containing these substances are not subject to any requirements of MARPOL Annex II.