Cells

1. Cells The basic structural and functional unit of life.

2. Celley’s Trip To Cell City Celley just arrived in Cell City via train from New Jersey in order to meet her friend Phyll. The train depot was located right outside the Cell City border and she would have to figure out how she would be traveling the rest of the way. She noticed that the city was surrounded by a huge concrete wall. Celley thought this was weird because the city she is from doesn’t have any protective barrier surrounding it. There was an opening in the wall which Celley walked through. She did not know what to expect, since Cell City was an area that she was not too familiar with. Once Celley walked through the opening in the city’s protective wall, she came across another barrier. This time it was a large chain-Link fencewith a gate. Celley was familiar with this large chain-link fencebecause her city also had one. Since she was not the only person traveling into Cell City, she carefully observed another person try to gain entry. The person placed his hand onto an identification key pad and the screen said, “NO ADMITTANCE!” Once the man angrily walked away, Celley walked up to the identification pad, and placed her hand on it. To Celley’s surprise, the screen said, “ADMITTANCE GRANTED.” As Celley walked through the gate, she was suddenly surrounded by a broth-like liquidthat engulfed the whole city. It took her a minute to adjust to this environment, however, she did so without too much difficulty, because she was an avid swimmer.

3. Celley’s Trip To Cell City Celley realized that she had no way of knowing how to navigate such a large and busy place. She decided the best thing to do would be to go to Town Hall since that was like the control centerof the whole city, where everything is managed and processed. She saw a sign that directed her to town hall. The arrow pointed to the entrance of what appeared to be a highway/thruway. Celley realized that she would have to catch a cab in order to get to Town Hall since the highwaylooked extremely long and windy. Once getting the attention of a cab driver, she got into the car and paid close attention to her surroundings. Throughout her travels on the highwayshe noticed many small circular structures. These structures were protein factories. There were many of these protein factorieson this particular stretch ofhighway, since Cell City was a growing place that was constantly building and repairing its structures. However, Celley noticed that there were also long stretches of the highwaythat did not contain theseprotein factories. She preferred these sections since they did not seem as congested. Celley questioned the cab driver about the city’s disposal managementvehicles.She wondered why she didn’t see any since they were so prevalent in her city. The driver said that he never heard of them and then questioned Celley as to their purpose. She told the driver that in her city, they are circular vehicles that usually travel quickly around the city as they need to load up and dispose of (or transfer) materials that can be harmful.

4. Celley’s Trip To Cell City Once reaching the control center, Celley planned on asking for directions to thefood processing factorieswhere her friend Phyll worked as a food engineer. Similar to the entrance to Cell City, Celley came across a chain-link fence, but this one was a lot smaller since it only surrounded Town Hall. As she did before, she went to the gate and placed her hand on the identification pad. Once again, to her surprise, the screen said, “ADMITTANCE GRANTED.” Once entering the facility, a kind man at a desk smiled at Celley and asked her if he could help her. Celley asked for directions to the food processing factory. The man said, “There are a few food processing factoriesinCell City, which are you looking for?” Celley recalled Phyll saying he worked near a power plant. When she passed this info on to the man, he said, “Oh, that one. You must first get a cab and go East on city highway 210, until you get to the end. At that point you will reach the reservoirand you must travel to the rest ofCell City by foot. Keeping the reservoirto your left, you should follow the path all the way around. After a few minutes, you will pass the South-Side Food Processing Planton your right. Be careful not to take a right after the food processing plantbecause you will get very lost and that is not the type of place to get lost in. There are support beams that help hold the city together there and it is highly guarded. You will know that you are on the right track if you then see the South Side Packaging Plantsoonafter. Just remember to keep the reservoirto your left.

5. Celley’s Trip To Cell City Currently, it is extremely visible because it is full of water so it should not be too difficult to reference. Good thing you weren’t here a few weeks ago when the level was extremely low. Celley commented how most of the reservoirs in her city are very small and they would be too difficult to use as a point of reference. “Anyway,” said the man, “you will then pass the East-Side Power Plant.This Power Plantis huge compared to the one that your friend Phyll works near. Continue around the reservoir and then you need to take a right after you see the Central Packaging Plant. You will notice the North-West Food Processing Factoryon your left. This is where your friend works. You need to continue along the road and the entrance is around back, across from the small, North-West Power Plant. Once there, ask one of the guards at the front desk to call down your friend Phyll.” “Thanks so much,” said Celley. “No Problem,” said the man. Celley spent quite some time traveling to the North-West Food Processing Factory. However, she realized that it was well worth the trip because she got to see her friend Phyll and she also got to learn about the unique place known as Cell City.

6. Celley’s Trip to Cell City - Review Questions • Retrace Celley’s travels and try to list the structures/parts of Cell City that she encountered during her trip. • What was the one thing that Celley had encountered when first approaching Cell City that she did not have where she was from? • How many types of highway were present in Cell City? Explain. • What was the thing that was common in the city that Celley was from, however, she did not find in Cell City? • What aspect of the reservoir would have caused Celley’s journey to be more difficult if she had come a few weeks earlier? • How did Celley describe the reservoirs in her city?

7. Cell City MapRemember: All cities do not have to look alike or have the same physical structures. Central Packaging Plant North-West Power Plant North-West Food Processing Factory Finish East-Side Power Plant Broth/Fluid Start City Support Beams South-Side Packaging Plant Concrete Barrier Large Chain-Link Fence Protein Factory South-Side Food Processing Factory Reservoir Small Chain- Link Fence Town Hall (Control Center) Highway/Thruway

8. Cell Parts Activity • For this activity you will be given 42 sheets to organize into 14 groups of three • Each group must contain: • a picture • the name of the cell part that the picture is representing • a mnemonic/analogy that will help to remember the part (or its function)

9. Cell History - Timeline 1590 - Hans & Zacharias Janssen 1676- Leeuwenhoek 1839- Schwann 1665 – Hooke 1838- Schleiden 1590 - Hans & Zacharias Janssen Took the normal hand lens and doubled its power by combining it with another… the first COMPOUND microscope! 1855- Virchow 1665 – Hooke viewed cork cells under a microscope and thought they were similar to small rooms in a monastery called cells 1855- Virchow discovered that all living things come from other living things 1676- Leeuwenhoek observed smaller creatures (bacteria); first to see living cells 1838- Schleiden viewed plants under the microscope; first to find that plants are indeed made of cells 1839- Schwann viewed animal parts under a Microscope; first to find that animals are made of cells Cell Theory

10. Development of the CELL THEORY • These discoveries all led to important components of CELL THEORY • All living things are made of cells • The cell is the basic unit of structure & function in all living things • All cells come from pre-existing cells • Cells contains hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. • All cells are basically the same in chemical composition. • All energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells.   

11. Cell Significance • Nutrition • Digestion • Absorption • Biosynthesis • Respiration • Excretion • Secretion • Response • Reproduction

12. Life Span of Various Cells

13. Prokaryotes Cells that lack nuclei and organelles Single-celled organisms Ex. - Bacteria Eukaryotes Cells that contain a nucleus and organelles with membranes Usually multi-cellular organisms Ex. – Animal cell Two Basic Cell Types Cells are primarily composed of water – around 90%

14. Two Basic Cell Types The cells of eukaryotes and prokaryotes. - This figure illustrates a typical human cell (eukaryote) and a typical bacterium (prokaryote). The drawing on the left highlights the internal structures of eukaryotic cells, including the nucleus (light blue), the nucleolus (intermediate blue), mitochondria (orange), and ribosomes (dark blue). The drawing on the right demonstrates how bacterial DNA is housed in a structure called the nucleoid (very light blue), as well as other structures normally found in a prokaryotic cell, including the cell membrane (black), the cell wall (intermediate blue), the capsule (orange), ribosomes (dark blue), and a flagellum (also black).

15. Endosymbiotic Theory • States that mitochondria and chloroplasts are the result of years of evolution initiated by the endocytosis (consumption) of bacteria and blue-green algae which, instead of becoming digested, became symbiotic. • The Evolution of Organelles Imagine PACMAN eating the Ghosts, but them not dying. They just live inside of him and continue performing their daily activities. MOSES CIRCLE INTERACTIVE - Pac-Man

16. Basic Cell Parts • Cell Membrane & Nuclear Membranes • Nucleus with Nucleolus • Cytoplasm • Endoplasmic Reticulum • Ribosomes • Mitochondria • Golgi Apparatus • Lysosome • Microfilaments and Microtubules • Vacuole • Plastids • Cell Wall Only Found in Plant Cells

17. Cell (Plasma) Membrane A flexible membrane separating the inside of a cell from its surroundings Nuclear Membranes A membrane that surrounds the cell nucleus Membranes Cell Membrane Nuclear Membrane

18. Membrane Close-Up (Phospholipid Bilayer)

19. Nucleus with Nucleolus • The control center (or “brain”) of all cell activity • Contains chromosomes which carry hereditary information (DNA) • Nucleolusprominent structure in the nucleus that makes ribosomes Nucleolus Cell Nucleus

20. Cytoplasm • jelly-like material that is eighty percent water • usually clear in color • It is the substance that fills the cell • holds cells organelles Cytoplasm

21. Endoplasmic Reticulum • a network of folded membranes that form channels from the cell membrane through the cytoplasm to the nuclear membrane • Two types: rough (contains ribosomes) and smooth Smooth E.R. Rough E.R.

22. Ribosomes • tiny, dense organelles where DNA is translated into protein Ribosomes

23. Mitochondrion (Mitochondria – pl.) • one of the largest organelles in the cytoplasm • they break down carbohydrates and sugars, making energy from the food we eat • center for cellular respiration Mitochondria

24. Golgi Apparatus (Bodies) • Prepares and packages protein secretions of the cell • Resemble stack of pita breads Golgi Bodies

25. Lysosome • the disposal and recycling units of the cell • contain the enzymes necessary for digesting and refining cellular materials Lysosome Only found in animal cells

26. Microfilaments and Microtubules • Contributes to the support, movement, and the division of cells • Microfilaments  cellular movement • Microtubules  maintain cellular shape, tracks for organelle movement, and movement of chromosomes during division Microtubules/ Microfilaments

27. Vacuole • Fluid filled cavity or sac in the cell • Many functions • Storage • Protection against predators (contain poisonous compounds) • Pump water out of cell Vacuoles Typically more pronounced in Plant Cells

28. Plastids (Chloroplasts, Leucoplasts, Chromoplasts) • organelles that typically store “things” • found in the cells of most plants • Most popular plastid = chloroplast • Chloroplast – contains chlorophyll (green pigment in plants used for photosynthesis) Chloroplasts Plastids

29. Cell Wall • a rigid multi-layered structure found in plant and bacterial cells • designed to hold the cells together and protect the cell from injury • made of cellulose Cell Wall

30. Levels of Organization LEVEL1 - Cells Are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. May serve a specific function within the organism Examples- blood cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc. Levels of Organization in Organisms LEVEL2 - Tissues Made up of cells that are similar in structure and function and which work together to perform a specific activity Examples - blood, nervous, bone, etc. Humans have 4 basic tissues: connective, epithelial, muscle, and nerve LEVEL3 - Organs Made up of tissues that work together to perform a specific activity Examples - heart, brain, skin, etc. LEVEL4 - Organ Systems Groups of two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function for the organism.The Human body has 11 organ systems - circulatory, digestive, endocrine, excretory (urinary), immune (lymphatic), integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, and skeletal. Examples - circulatory system, nervous system, skeletal system, etc. LEVEL5 - Organisms Entire living things that can carry out all basic life processes. Meaning they can take in materials, release energy from food, release wastes, grow, respond to the environment, and reproduce. Usually made up of organ systems, but an organism may be made up of only one cell such as bacteria or protist. Examples - bacteria, amoeba, mushroom, sunflower, human

31. Levels of Organization (Visual Illustration)

32. Links • Concepts in Biochemistry - Interactive Animations • CELLS alive! • Cell Structure and Functions • Interactive Animal Cell • Typical Plant Cell

33. Various Microscopes Museum of Microscopy - Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Microscopes Museum of Microscopy - Eighteenth Century Microscopes Museum of Microscopy - Nineteenth Century Microscopes Museum of Microscopy - Twentieth Century Microscopes

34. Microscope “Stuff” • Virtual Microscopy: Magnification • SEM - Image Gallery • Zoom In! - SEM