Matthias Brand & Christian Laier

1. Psychological and neurobiological mechanisms underlying the addictive use of specific Internet applications Matthias Brand & Christian Laier

2. 1 Introduction

3. Behavioral addiction research: atheoretical?

4. Theories of substance-use disorders

5. Internet addiction research: atheoretical? Examples for articles on Internet addiction with theoretical models:

6. Internet addiction research: atheoretical?

7. 2 A current theoretical model

9. 5 Steps I-PACE model • Biopsychological constitution • Genetic factors • Early childhood experiences • Stress vulnerability • Personality • Impulsivity • Low self-esteem • Low conscientiousness Person’s core characteristics • Psychopathology • Depression • Social anxiety • ADHD • Specific motives • for using • Games • Gambles • Cybersex and pornography • Shopping sites • Communication sites/apps • Social cognitions • Loneliness • Perceived social support • Social distrust Specific Internet-use disorder Diminishedcontroloverthe Internet use Negative consequences in dailylife

10. 5 Steps I-PACE model • Biopsychological constitution • Genetic factors • Early childhood experiences • Stress vulnerability • Personality • Impulsivity • Low self-esteem • Low conscientiousness Person’s core characteristics • Psychopathology • Depression • Social anxiety • ADHD • Specific motives • for using • Games • Gambles • Cybersex and pornography • Shopping sites • Communication sites/apps • Social cognitions • Loneliness • Perceived social support • Social distrust Direct effect? Specific Internet-use disorder Diminishedcontroloverthe Internet use Negative consequences in dailylife

11. 5 Steps I-PACE model • Biopsychological constitution • Genetic factors • Early childhood experiences • Stress vulnerability • Personality • Impulsivity • Low self-esteem • Low conscientiousness • Psychopathology • Depression • Social anxiety • ADHD Person’s core characteristics • Specific motives • for using • Games • Gambles • Cybersex and pornography • Shopping sites • Communication sites/apps • Social cognitions • Loneliness • Perceived social support • Social distrust • Subjectively perceived situation • Confrontation with addiction-related cues • Stress, personal conflicts, abnormal mood • Internet-related cognitive bias • Expectancies • Illusions • Implicit associations Coping style • Affective and cognitive responses • Cue reactivity • Craving • Urge for mood regulation • Attentional bias Reductions of executive functions/ inhibitory control Decision to use a certain application Reinforcement Reinforcement Reinforcement Gratification Compensation Specific Internet-use disorder Diminishedcontroloverthe Internet use Negative consequences in dailylife

12. 5 Steps I-PACE model • Biopsychological constitution • Genetic factors • Early childhood experiences • Stress vulnerability • Personality • Impulsivity • Low self-esteem • Low conscientiousness • Psychopathology • Depression • Social anxiety • ADHD Person’s core characteristics • Specific motives • for using • Games • Gambles • Cybersex and pornography • Shopping sites • Communication sites/apps • Social cognitions • Loneliness • Perceived social support • Social distrust Specific Internet-use disorder Diminishedcontroloverthe Internet use Negative consequences in dailylife

13. I-PACE model: Inner circle Ahn et al., 2015 Brand et al., 2016 Ko et al., 2009 Liu et al., 2016 Mechelmans et al., 2014 Snagowski & Brand, 2015 Thalemann et al., 2007 Dong et al., 2010, 2011 Nie et al., 2016 Smith et al., 2014 Van Holst et al., 2012 Zhou et al., 2014 Casale et al., 2016 Kardefelt-Winther, 2014 Snagowski & Brand, 2015 Tang et al., 2014; Tonioni et al., 2014 Turel et al., 2011 Whang, et al., 2003 Reductions of executive functions/ inhibitory control Affective and cognitive responses to external or internal triggers Internet-related cognitive bias and coping style Using a certain application (Decision making) Dong et al., 2013 Dong & Potenza, 2016 Pawlikowski & Brand, 2011 Seok et al, 2015 Sun et al., 2009 Weinstein et al., 2016 Yao et al., 2015 Gratification Compensation • Limitations: • Interactions/processeshave not beeninvestigatedsystematically • Most studies on Internet-gamingdisorder (andpartly on Internet-pornographydisorder)

14. 3 Future directions

15. Future directions

16. Person’s core characteristics • Psychopathology • Social cognitions • Using motives CBT-IA: Harm reduction • Perception of a situation • Confrontation with addiction-related cues • Stress, personal conflicts, abnormal mood Approach/ Avoidancetraining Cueexposuretherapy • Affective and cognitive responses • Cue reactivity • Craving • Urge for mood regulation • Attentional bias CBT-IA: Behaviormodification CBT-IA: Cognitiverestructuring Reductions of executive functions/ inhibitory control Internet-related cognitive bias and coping style Decision to use a certain application Reinforcement Gratification and/or compensation Reinforcement Inhibitory controltraining Symptoms of specific Internet-use disorder (Young & Brand, 2017)

17. Future directions 1. Usetheoreticalmodels More theory-basedresearch on psychologicalprocessesunderlyingdevelopmentandmaintenanceof Internet addiction 2. Analyzeinteractions Studies shouldaddressinteractionsbetweentraitandstate variables 3. Specifytypesof Internet addiction Studies shoulddistinguishbetween Gaming, Gambling, Pornography-viewing, Shopping, Communication 4. Avoidconfirmationbias Studies shouldinclude variables forconvergentand divergent validity

18. Future directions • Diagnosis • Prevention • Treatment

19. Thank you!