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Period 3 Review

Period 3 Review. 1815-1914. The Industrial Revolution Age of Isms Realism Romanticism Revolutions of 1820s-1830s. Events leading up to IR. Commercial Revolution (1500-1800) Age of Exploration Price Revolution Capitalism Scientific revolution Population growth Proto-Industrialization

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Period 3 Review

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  1. Period 3 Review 1815-1914

  2. The Industrial RevolutionAge of IsmsRealismRomanticismRevolutions of 1820s-1830s

  3. Events leading up to IR • Commercial Revolution (1500-1800) • Age of Exploration • Price Revolution • Capitalism • Scientific revolution • Population growth • Proto-Industrialization • Putting out system • Cottage industry • technology

  4. Why did Industrialization begin in England? Contributing Factors: • Agricultural revolution: • Population growth (labor supply) • Supply of capital to invest & entrepreneurs seeking profits; highly developed banking system • Rich in natural resources, • Government’s “laissez-faire” attitude towards econ. and social regulation; politically stable • Large Empire provided a market for goods & a source of raw materials

  5. Agricultural Revolution Year Sheep (lbs) Cattle (lbs) 1710 28 370 1795 80 800 1. Enclosure movement: 2. Methods such as crop rotation and selective breeding were employed by the scientific farmers. Y2 Y4 Jethro Tull was one of the first scientific farmers.

  6. Proto-Industrial Changes in Cotton Production: the Textile Industry From Cottage Industries Machine Work Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny 1764: • Industrialization began in textile industry; specifically the demand for cotton • One invention led to another as spinners and weavers tried to keep up with demand for cotton cloth: • Flying shuttle (1733) • Spinning Jenny (1764) • Water frame (1769) • Spinning mule (1779) Arkwright invented the Waterframe in 1769.

  7. The steam engine & coal The Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney 1793 • Thomas Savory and Thomas Newcomen developed steam pump to remove water from mines • JAMES WATT’S (1769) steam engine • Development of heavy industry • Henry Cort: 1780s – “puddling” refined iron for building and industrial grade wrought iron and steel

  8. The Transportation Revolution Effects of the RR • Spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport goods & raw materials • Created new jobs for RR workers, construction, and miners • Boosted agricultural and fishing industries • Increased travel both for pleasure and allowed people to take distant jobs In 1804, the 1st steam-powered locomotive ran on an industrial rail line. “The Iron Horse” or “The Rocket” Robert Fulton’sSteamboat (1807) provided fast, easy transportation of both raw materials and finished goods.

  9. By 1850, Britain leads industrial growth • Crystal Palace, 1851 2/3 world’s coal ½ worlds iron > ½ world’s cotton cloth 1801-1850: GNP rose 350% Per capita income rose 100% International exhibit to showcase Britain’s industrial, economic, and military superiority

  10. Industrialization Spreads after 1815:Continental Europe & US

  11. British Monopoly on Industrialization • Up until 1825 it was illegal for engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers to leave England • Until 1843, export of textile machines and equipment illegal • Many emigrated illegally • Tariffs: used to protect domestic industry • France imposed tariffs on British goods • 1834: Zollverein – German tariff policy established free trade zone among member states and a uniform tariff on foreign goods German Zollverein, 1834–1919 Blue: Prussia in 1834 Grey: Areas included until 1866 Yellow: Austrian possessions outside the Zollverein Red: Borders of the 1828 German Confederation (wikipedia)

  12. Rise of Global Inequality • First nations to industrialize (Western Europe, the United States, Japan) became wealthy, powerful nations • Industrialization leads to Imperialism: • Widened gap b/w industrialized and non-industrialized countries • Required steady supply of raw materials • Exploitation of overseas colonies for Markets and Materials

  13. III. Social Impact of Industrialization: New Social Order Rise of the Middle Class “bourgeoisie” • Ind. Rev. created wealth for factory owners, shippers, merchants, bankers changing the social structure • Upper middle class did not become social equals of aristocrats until late 19th C. (gov. workers, doctors, lawyers, managers, entrepreneurs) • Lower middle class “petite bourgeoisie” had comfortable standard of living (factory overseers, skilled workers, drafters, printers) • Working poor “proletariat”: low standard of living • As machines replaced workers, created anger • Luddites: smashed machines, attacked factories, riots • Union Movement & government response

  14. Urbanization • After 1800, change from rural to urban as people moved from country to find work in the cities in factories & mines • Most city pop. doubled, or even tripled Rapid, unplanned pop. growth leads to social problems: • No planning for housing, sanitation, ed., police protection, building codes • Lack of sanitation & overcrowding led to disease: • Cholera epidemics • Shorter life spans • Poor lived in filthy, one-room homes while upper middle class lived in suburban areas • Growing gap b/w rich and poor • Poorhouses (Poor Laws) • Irish Potato Famine (1845-46, 1848-51)

  15. Government Intervention & Regulation • 1819: 1st Factory Act passed by British gov. to restrict working age & hours • 1833: 2nd Factory Act passed by Parliament to further regulate child labor: • Illegal to hire under 9; 9-12: 8 hrs., 13-17: 12 hrs., by 1847: 10 hrs. Act • 1842: Mines Act • Regulate child labor in coal mines • Prevented women & children from working underground • 1847: Ten Hours Act

  16. Realism, mid-19th Century • Industrialization and urbanization spread from England to the U.S. and the Continent of Europe in the 19th Century. • Western cities grew dramatically due to migration from rural areas due to new job opportunities, as well as improving health and living conditions. • Scientific advances led to industrial growth. • Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection promoted an interest in science and challenged traditional Christian beliefs, which led to the rise of secularism. • Darwin’s theory was applied to socioeconomics in that those that industrialized became the most economically “fit” companies and countries. This was used to justify Western racism, imperialism, nationalism, and militarism going into the early 20th Century. • Industrialization & Social Darwinism were the justification for the colonization by Western nations of peoples they believed were inferior to them on a social and national hierarchy. Edouard Manet, Olympia, 1863, Musee d’Orsay, Paris. Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers, 1849, Dresden.

  17. Karl Marx & Class Struggle • Marx believed those that controlled the means of production did so at the expense of the exploitation of the laborer. (Haves vs. Have-nots) • He hoped to create a socialist state in which the workers would seize power and destroy capitalism. • His theory of class struggle appealed to the oppressed and led to the rise of trade unions and socialist groups. Jean-Francois Millet, The Gleaners, 1857, Louvre, Paris. Honore Daumier, Rue Transnonain, 1834, lithograph, Philadelphia.

  18. Paintings of Modern Life • Realism is considered the first modernist movement. • Artists and writers of the realist movement were reevaluating “reality” and focused on only what they could see and experience on a daily basis. • They did not paint fictional subjects because they were not real nor visible in the present world. • Realists portrayed scenes that were not considered worthy prior to this period. Scenes of laborers, peasants, and daily life. Gustave Courbet, Burial at Ornans, 1849, Louvre, Paris. Honore Daumier, The Third Class Carriage, 1862, The Met, NY.

  19. Romanticism, 18th-19th Centuries: “Trust your heart rather than your head.” Goya, Saturn Devouring One of His Children, 1819-1823, Prado, Madrid, Spain. • Reaction against neoclassicism’s emphasis on reason and order; inspired by Rousseau’s Social Contract: “Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains!” • Emphasis on emotion in art, individual liberty, ending social injustices, and achieving democracy; the path to freedom was through imagination and feeling (rather than reason and thinking) • Romantic artists to know: Delacroix, Goya, Gericault, Turner “I am like no one in the whole world. I may be no better, at least I am different.” -Rousseu Franciso de Goya, The Family of Charles IV, 1800, Prado, Madrid, Spain.

  20. Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830, Louvre, Paris. Gericault, Raft of the Medusa, 1818-1819, Louvre, Paris. Delacroix, Death of Sardanapalus, 1826, Louvre, Paris. Turner, The Slave Ship, 1840, Boston, MA.

  21. Liberalism in the 19th Century 19th C. Conservatism Reaction to liberalism and excesses of the French Revolution Edmund Burke Joseph de Maistre Metternich: failure to suppress liberalism and nationalism long-term (Revolutions of 1848) Supported by Church, Royalists, peasants Continuity and stability of institutions that have evolved gradually over time Classical Liberalism: “that government is best which governs least” • Government that protects liberty of the people from others and itself • Thomas Paine, Common Sense • Natural rights • Social Contract Theory • Rousseau’s “general will” • Locke • Protection of property rights • Anticlerical, anti-aristocratic • Coupled with economic theory: free market capitalism (Adam Smith) • Free trade: John Stuart Mill, David Ricardo • Utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham, Mill

  22. Liberalism: • Left Wing • Reform/Change society acc. to ideals of Enlightenment and French Rev. • Middle class • Emphasis on individual freedom • Individual growth • Separation of state and church • Limited monarchy Liberalism vs. Conservatism • Conservatism: • Right Wing • Strengthen traditional society • Upper class • Emphasis on community • Preserve Social hierarchy • Established church • Supported status quo • Legitimate institutions Similarities Rejection of radicalism and violence, recognized need for limits on the powers of government, advocacy of balance in society regarding individual rights and societal powers –not so similar if analyzed further

  23. Revolutions 1820-1831 • Greek Revolt (1821): independent 1830 • Decembrist Revolt (1825) • Paris, 1830: 3 Glorious Days • Charles X abdicates in favor of Louis-Philippe “July Monarchy” and House of Orleans (overthrown in 1848) • Belgium, 1830 • Independence from Dutch • Poland, 1830

  24. REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 “THE SPRINGTIME OF PEOPLES”UNIFICATION OF ITALY AND GERMANY

  25. Causes of the Revolutions of 1848 • The Hungry 40s • Crop failure • High prices • Unemployment • Potato blight • Increase in crime • Radicalization of politics • Abdication of Louis-Philippe, 1848 and the rise of the 2nd Republic under Louis Napoleon • Revolts across Europe calling for constitutionalism, liberalism, rights – free expression, including press • Britain and Russia exceptions

  26. Revolutions of 1848

  27. “When France sneezes, Europe catches cold” –Metternich Italy Austria Multi-ethnic, susceptible to revolt Forced Metternich out, new Emperor, Franz Joseph I grants a new constitution Gain peasant support by abolishing feudalism Hungarian Magyars demand autonomy Revolution suppressed not due to strength of Hapsburgs, but division of revolutionaries Hapsburgs agreed to Ausgleich – nearly co-equal status to King of Hungary • Giuseppe Mazzini (nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi • Italian states desire freedom from foreign rule • Put down by Catholic alliance of France and Austria

  28. Germany Pan-Germanism: unify German speaking countries of Europe Prussian King Frederick William IV convenes Frankfurt Parliament Constitutional monarchy Rejected constitution and without Prussia, constituent assembly dissolved • “To My People and to the German Nation”

  29. The Crimean War, 1853-1856 • Ottoman (the “sick man of Europe”) allied with France, Britain, and Sardinia to defeat Russian expansionism • Battle of Balaklava, Charge of the Light Brigade, 1854 • Alfred Lord Tennyson • Florence Nightingale • Peace of Paris, 1856 • Russia out of the Black Sea • Determined to restructure militarily and industrially • Expands east • Laid foundation for Italian and German unification

  30. Unification of Italy and Germany Italy, 1870 Germany, 1871 Bismarck’s real-politik Zollverein Kleindeutschland vs. Grossdeutschland 1862 Danish War 1866 Austro-Prussian War North German Confederation 1870 Franco-Prussian War • Risorgimento • Prime Minister Camillo di Cavour, Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia • Defeated Austria with French help in Franco-Austrian War 1859 • Garibaldi brought the southern part of the peninsula • Unified most of Italy by 1861 • Venice, 1866 (Austro-Prussian War) • Rome, 1870 (Franco-Prussian War)

  31. The age of mass politics (1871-1914)Impressionism/Post-ImpressionismThe second industrial revolutionImperialism

  32. The Age of Mass Politics: The 3rd French Republic, 1870-1940 Victorian England (1837-1901) Largest, most prosperous empire in the world Naval supremacy Industrial Revolution Politics: Tories (Conservatives) under Disraeli vs. Whigs (Liberals) under Gladstone Reform Act of 1867 Irish question Suffragette movement Politically unstable monarchists vs republicans Adolphe Thiers, 1st president, moderate republican Constitution 1875, little power to the president Stained by scandal: Panama Canal Scandal, 1888 Dreyfus Affair, 1894 Imperial expansion

  33. Impressionism, 19th Century • Edouard Manet, Le Dejeuner sur l’herbe, 1863 at Salon des Refuses • Claude Monet, Impression – Sunrise, 1872

  34. A Bar at the Folies-Bergere, 1882

  35. Auguste Renoir, Dance at the Moulin de la Galette, 1876

  36. Berthe Morisot, Villa at the Seaside, 1874

  37. Gustave Caillebotte, Paris: A Rainy Day, 1877

  38. Edgar Degas, Musicians in the Orchestra, 1872

  39. Post-Impressionism: Georges Seurat, La Grande Jatte, 1884-86

  40. Paul Cezanne, Basket of Apples, 1890-94

  41. Paul Gaugin, Sacred Spring, Sweet Dreams, 1894

  42. Vincent van Gogh, The Night Café, 1888

  43. c. 1850-1914 c. 1760-1830 Hand  Machine Increased Automation Textiles Steel(Bessemer Process) Water, Coal, & Steam* Petroleum & Electricity Steam Engine* Internal Combustion Spinning Jenny Water Frame Spinning Mule Cotton Gin Automobiles Chemicals Railroads (Prevalent) Telegraph, Telephone, Radio Still Bad, but improving (Sewers, Sanitation, etc.) Expansion of Middle Class AWFUL Think Tocqueville in Manchester *Note that these technologies continued to be used during the 2nd IR but new sources of power were introduced, in addition.

  44. The Second Industrial Revolution – Technology Timeline Lightbulb is developed. Radio developed (1910s). Public lighting is available. For the public. 1880s 1900s... 1870s 1890s Telephone is invented (1876). Automobile is developed. Flyin’ machines invented. back to selection

  45. What sparked the SecondIndustrial Revolution? Usage led to: ▪ Development of Thomas Edison’s incandescent light bulb in the 1870’s. ▪ Public lighting in major cities. ▪ New form of power and energy for industries, factories, generators, turbines, and motors. Production led to: ▪ Improved transportation: production of automobiles and subways. ▪ Lighter and more durable building material for new constructs. ▪ Displacement of iron in production of machines and firearms.

  46. Comparison of Leading Industrial Nations *See charts on p. 741 of The Western Experience (Chambers) for visual comparison of industrial production.

  47. Age of Empire: Motives (the Why?) • Gold • Glory • God • Social Darwinism

  48. How? • European Advantages: • Maxim gun (1889) • Steam engine • The cure for malaria • African Disadvantages: • Diversity of population • Low level of technology

  49. IV. Berlin West Africa Conference 1884-5 Divides Africa • Convened by Germany’s Bismarck to set rules for annexing African territory • Purpose: to prevent war amongst Europeans • 14 Eur. nations attended; no African rulers present • Outcome: annexation of African terr. only recognized when “effective occupation” demonstrated • By 1914 only Liberia & Ethiopia remained independent • Battle of Adwa, 1896 • Conference successful in avoiding Eur. War with 1 major exception: South Africa

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