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Nervous System

Learn about the neurons in the nervous system, the all-or-nothing principle, refractory periods, and how scientists study the nervous system. Discover myths and facts about the brain and the importance of sleep for brain health.

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Nervous System

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  1. Nervous System

  2. NEURON: • A basic cell of the nervous system; with one or more dendrites and one or more axons.

  3. MORE on NEURONS: • ALL OR NOTHING PRINCIPLE: The neuron fires or it doesn’t. • Absolute Refractory Period: Must rest before it fires again. • Refractory Period: The neuron rests or must be stimulated more to fire. • Video C10 (tics)

  4. Central Nervous System CNS VIDEO C 6 and Video B5

  5. How do scientists learn about the Nervous System?How about 150 years ago?

  6. Phineas Gage’s accident – over 150 years ago scientists learned something about the nervous system and emotions. (Watch online video)

  7. Studying the Nervous System • Electrodes (Bionic Arm – B4) • Chemicals • Brain Damage (Lobotomy & Lobectomy)‏ (Hole in skull B5 video) • Electroencephalogram (EEG)‏ • Brain Mapping (C-12 video)

  8. JOURNAL ENTRY– THE BRAIN • Identify 10 facts about the brain you did not know or find very interesting. • Be prepared to discuss them. • Video C11

  9. Brain Growth • What are the three best ways to boost brain growth? • Novel, coherent stimulation. • Exercise. • Good nutrition (avoid toxins like drugs).

  10. MYTHS • You use only 10% of your brain.“We use 100% of our brains.“ Dr. Eric H. Chudler; • Right v. Left brain • Smarter people have more brain wrinkles • Intelligence is fixed.

  11. “We use 100% of our brains.“Dr. Eric H. Chudler; • The worst misconceptions are those which everyone knows to be true, and yet are completely false. 90% of a Brain is a Terrible Thing to Waste Today the entire brain is mapped in extensive detail, and a specific function has been found for each part of the brain. The New England Journal

  12. MULTITASK? NO (Video D 8)

  13. Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, and problem solving • Parietal Lobe- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli • Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing • Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory,emotion and speech

  14. THE BRAIN • About 100 + billions neurons • Weighs about 3-3.5 pounds • Each neuron has 1000-10,000 synaptic connections. • Weight is mostly from fat (a sheath covering the axons)‏

  15. The Brain - AMAZING • Attempts to keep us alive. • Knows what it needs • Survival (Video F3 and F5) • Pain is the brain signaling you to act! (Video)

  16. CONTROL CENTER • Slows down time • Initially does not use prefrontal cortex • Gives time for decisions • VIDEO F-2

  17. Energy Usage • How much energy does the Brain use? • Your brain uses about 20% of your body’s total supply of energy, though it only represents about 2% of your body weight. • It circulates about 1½ pints of blood per minute.

  18. Watering the Brain • Should we drink more water during learning? Yes! • Water is good for the brain. 8-10 glasses a day under normal conditions are recommended. • When the body gets dehydrated, a higher concentration of salt in the bloodstream causes the stress response and learning may be impaired.

  19. MRI PET CAT Electrodes Brain Damage Brain Mapping

  20. How is an MRI done?

  21. MRI – magnetic resonance imaging VIDEO – Magnetic Mind Control Chpt 3 online

  22. PET Scan – Positron emission tomography

  23. The BRAIN Hypothalamus Diagram the brain on the test.

  24. Cerebral Cortex- • Thought • Voluntary movement • Language • Reasoning • Perception

  25. Cerebellum • Movement • Balance • Posture

  26. Brain stem • Breathing • Heart Rate • Blood Pressure

  27. Hypothalamus • Body Temperature • Emotions • Hunger • Thirst • Hormones • Stimulate pons and pituitary to secrete hormones. (Pituitary tumor- video D2)

  28. Thalamus • Sensory Integration • Motor Integration • The thalamus receives sensory information and relays this information to the cerebral • Switching Point

  29. Midbrain – complex reflexes • Vision • Audition • Eye Movement • Body Movement

  30. HINDBRAIN • Contains Pons and Medulla • Reflex actions – blinking and breathing.

  31. CORPUS CALLOSUM • Connects the two hemispheres of the brain. • Allows the right and left sides of our brain to communicate. • Kim (Video -A10)

  32. http://youtube.com/watch?v=ZMLzP1VCANo&feature=related

  33. Left-Right Hemisphere Do the two sides of the brain work differently? In general, we use both sides of our brain for almost everything. But the left hemisphere usually deals with parts, in sequence, and is more analytical and judgmental. The right hemisphere deals with wholes, randomly, and is more holistic.

  34. Know brain parts for test!

  35. THE BRAIN AND SLEEP • What are our brains doing while we are sleeping? • Video

  36. Your Brain Matters = Sleep • Your brain cuts out un-used or poor neurons (this is called pruning). • NOT enough sleep -protein markers will not grow into new branches. If you don’t snooze, you loose. • The brain does not begin its work until 1 – 2 hours after you go to sleep.

  37. Your Brain Matters • The actual branching takes place in deep sleep. • REM – stimulates the new grown branches • Reviewing information you want to learn works very well before you go to sleep.

  38. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND THE EFFECTS • Irritable • Drowsy • Some hallucinate • Inability to complete simple tasks • Less memory and concentration capabilities • Need alarm clock and fall asleep quickly Video – F 5 (Sleep) REM DEPRIVATION WILL HAVE SIMILAR SIDE EFFECTS.

  39. What about today’s kids: overscheduled and overtired???? • Tired students don’t learn as well. • More likely to have car accidents. • More depressed. • “Teenagers should feel wide awake, energetic, and motivated.” • Biological clock – to bed later and need more sleep in the morning. • U.S. News and World Report http://youtube.com/watch?v=olSxyT1JOJ8

  40. SLEEP • We spend about: • 8 hours/day, • 56 hours/week, • 224 hours/month and • 2,688 hours/year doing it

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