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Chapter 27 – The Planets and the Solar System

Chapter 27 – The Planets and the Solar System. Page 586 Do you think it is possible to count the rings of Saturn? The rings look solid in the image, do you think they are? What do you think they are made of? What do we know about the planets?. Chapter 27.1. The Inner Planets.

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Chapter 27 – The Planets and the Solar System

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  1. Chapter 27 – The Planets and the Solar System • Page 586 • Do you think it is possible to count the rings of Saturn? • The rings look solid in the image, do you think they are? • What do you think they are made of? • What do we know about the planets?

  2. Chapter 27.1

  3. The Inner Planets

  4. Two Planetary Neighborhoods • Inner Planets – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars • All have rocky crust • Dense mantle layers and cores • Because of their Earth like appearance they are also known as terrestrial planets

  5. Distance Between Planets • Outer Planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto • 1st four are called Jovian – or Jupiter like • Very large gaseous planets with no rocky crust • Low density due to size • Have ring systems • Pluto is an oddball – not dense enough to be terrestrial; too small to be Jovian

  6. Mercury • Nearest to the Sun • Orbits the sun in 88 days • Smallest of terrestrials • Mercury surface resembles the moon’s • Rotates every 59 days • Temperature – day 400°C; night –200°C

  7. Chapter 27.2

  8. Venus – Earth’s Sister Planet – 2nd planet from the Sun • Near each other similar in diameter, mass and gravity • Venus is the only planet to rotate from east to west • Rotates every 243 days • Orbits every 225 days • Thick yellow clouds make surface impossible to see

  9. Magellan radar mapped it • Fault system • Yellow clouds made of sulfuric acid • Surface is hot due to greenhouse effect (CO2) causing surface to be 475°C • Visible from Earth in the morning or early evening – “evening star”

  10. Mars – 4th planet from the Sun • 687 day orbit • Axis tilted about the same as earth’s giving it seasons. However they are 2 times as long • Very thin atmosphere (1% of Earth’s) mostly CO2 • Has ice caps – thought to be water covered by frozen CO2

  11. Spacecraft have photographed and landed on Mars surface • Largest known volcano in the solar system “Olympus Mons” • Has a valley system suggesting water once ran on its surface • Page 543, 5 Martian landings

  12. Outer Planets

  13. Jovian Planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune • Much larger than terrestrials – smallest, Uranus, is 15 times more massive than earth • No solid surfaces – their “surface” is an uppermost gas layer • Composed mainly of light elements H and He • All Jovian planets have ring systems

  14. Jupiter – 5th Planet from the Sun • 11.9 year orbit • 10 hour rotation • Has 2 times more mass than all the other planets combined • Radiates 2 times as much energy back into space as it receives from the sun • Galileo probe entered Jupiter’s atmosphere in 1995 – found no thick clouds and higher than expected temperatures

  15. Saturn – 6th planet from the Sun • 30 year orbit • 10 hour rotation • Lowest density of all planets, less than 1 • Saturn also radiates more energy than it receives from the sun, like Jupiter it has internal heat sources

  16. Uranus – 7th planet from the sun • 84 year orbit • 17.2 hour rotation • It’s rotational axis is tipped almost completely over • It’s magnetic field is not tipped

  17. Chapter 27.3

  18. Neptune – 8th planet (most of the time) • 165 year orbit • Rotation 16.1 hours • Neptune was found after astronomers predicted its location mathematically in 1846 • Winds over 2000 km/hr • Becomes the 9th planet when Pluto is taken close to the Sun due to Pluto’s highly elliptical orbit

  19. Pluto • 248 year orbit • Smallest planet in the Solar System • Its moon, Charon, is ½ its size • Most of its atmosphere is frozen. However, it thaws slightly when it nears the sun

  20. Planetary Satellites (moons)

  21. Satellites of Earth and Mars • Earth has one moon • Mars has 2 tiny moons, Deimos and Phobos • Phobos circles mars 3 times a day • Mercury and Venus have no satellites

  22. Earth

  23. Moon

  24. Mars

  25. Phobos

  26. Jupiter’s Moons • At least 63 • Galilean moons – Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto are the 4 largest discovered by Galileo

  27. Jupiter

  28. Io is geologically active • Nine active volcanoes • No signs of crater impacts • Galileo spacecraft found it has an iron core surrounded by a molten silicate rock • Heat on Io is caused by tidal forces from Jupiter

  29. Io

  30. Europa • Surface is thought to be frozen water • It is thought liquid water may exist under the ice

  31. Europa

  32. Ganymede – the largest • Larger than Pluto and Mercury • Surface of ice • Callisto – most heavily cratered object in the solar system

  33. Ganymede

  34. Callisto

  35. Saturn’s Moons • At least 31 moons • Largest is Titan • Only moon in solar system to have a substantial atmosphere

  36. Saturn

  37. Titan

  38. Uranus’s Moons • At least 27 • 5 major moons are Titania, Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel, and Miranda • All lack atmosphere and are heavily cratered

  39. Uranus

  40. Neptune’s Moons • At least 13 moons – Triton is the largest

  41. Neptune

  42. Triton

  43. Solar System Debris

  44. Comets and TNOs (Trans Neptune Objects) • Comets described as dirty snowballs • Spend most of their time beyond the orbit of Neptune • Do not become visible until they travel inside Jupiter’s orbit

  45. Has 2 parts, nucleus and tail • Tail always points away from the sun due to solar winds • Most famous comet is Halley’s, it appears once every 76 years – last visit 1986

  46. Asteroids – solid rocklike masses • Uneven surface causes their brightness to change • Revolve same direction as planets • Most in asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter

  47. Meteors and Meteoroids • Meteoroid – rock or ice fragment traveling in space, they differ from asteroids in that they are smaller in size • Meteor – when a meteoroid enters earth’s atmosphere and burns up “shooting star”

  48. Meteor shower – occurs when earth passes into debris left by a comet that crossed earth’s path – very predictable, named after the constellation in the background.

  49. Chapter 27.4

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