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Brinkley Ch. 12: Antebellum Culture and Reform

Brinkley Ch. 12: Antebellum Culture and Reform. Topics. Rapidly changing society Impulses for reform Romanticism in painting Literature and quest for Liberation Transcendentalists and nature Utopias The Mormons Various reform movements. Guiding Question.

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Brinkley Ch. 12: Antebellum Culture and Reform

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  1. Brinkley Ch. 12:Antebellum Culture and Reform

  2. Topics • Rapidly changing society • Impulses for reform • Romanticism in painting • Literature and quest for Liberation • Transcendentalists and nature • Utopias • The Mormons • Various reform movements

  3. Guiding Question • Assess the validity of this statement: • “American reform movements between 1820 and 1860 reflected both optimistic and pessimistic views of human nature and society.” (1988 APUSH free response)

  4. Why Reform: • Two seemingly opposing influences Romanticism A desire for social order

  5. Thoreau, Emerson Whitman temperance Quest for liberation suffrage James Fenimore Cooper Shakers New Harmony Brook Farm Mormons Oneidas

  6. James Fenimore Cooper:Last of the Mohicans

  7. Walt Whitman: Helped express the spirit of individualism of the day

  8. Transcendentalists • Transcendentalists: alternative to Jacksonian materialism • Cultivation of “reason” • Liberation from confines of “understanding” • radical individualism • Idealists and artists, small group of intellectuals • limited reach of ideas. “Little Women”by Louisa May Alcott

  9. Thoreau “I went to the woods…”

  10. Ralph Waldo Emerson • Individuals should look for a communion with the natural world • “In the woods, we return to reason and faith.

  11. MID-19th CENTURY REFORM “In the history of the world, the doctrine of Reform had never such scope as at the present hour.”Ralph Waldo Emerson

  12. CALLS FOR REFORM “But now all these and all things else hear the trumpet and must rush to judgment – Christianity, the laws, commerce, schools, the farm, the laboratory; and not a kingdom, town, statue, rite, calling, man, or woman but is threatened by this new spirit.”

  13. JUSTICE VS. DYNAMISM “Am I not too protected a person? Is there not a wide disparity between the lot of me and the lot of thee, my poor brother, my poor sister?”

  14. UTOPIAN VISIONS “What is Man born for, but to be a Reformer, a Remaker of what man has made, a renouncer of lies, a restorer of truth and good?”

  15. CALLS FOR REFORM “… we are to revise the whole of our structure, the state, the school, religion, marriage, trade, science, and explore the foundations of our own nature.”

  16. Visions of Utopia • Brook farm • New Harmony • Oneidas • Shakers • Mormons

  17. Brook Farm, MA: 1841 - 1847 • New form of social organization • Full opportunity for self –realization • Residents share equally in work

  18. New Harmony, IN

  19. Oneidas: “complex marriage” • Oneida “perfectionists” rejected traditional ideas of family and marriage.

  20. Oneida Community

  21. Shakers http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/shakers/film/

  22. “Are you free as you are? Are you in any degree bound by your appetites, your passions, your self-will? Are you at all in bondage to the opinions of your neighbors, to the customs and notions of society – however harmful or absurd. These do not trouble the true Shaker.”Eldress Anna White

  23. Alternative Visions of Society • Shakers, Oneida, Owenites “Put your hands to work and give your hearts to God.“ Mother Ann Lee, founder of Shakers

  24. Mormonism • New religion and discrimination • Brigham Young and “Great Trek” • Joseph Young • Angel Moroni

  25. THE MORMON WEST

  26. Angel Moroni and Joseph Smith

  27. “COUNTER CULTURES” “Shakers” “Mormons” “Owenites” “Oneidans” “Transcendentalists”

  28. “COUNTER CULTURES”

  29. Revivalism, Morality and Order: Social Reform pessimistic optimistic Group that rejected Calvinism and preached the divinity of the individual Transcendentalists, Unitarians, Thoreau, etc

  30. Perfectibility, promise, and optimism of the new “Republic”! Social Reform • Temperance • Urban renewal • Moral reformation • Penitentiaries and mental illness • Education and “common schools” • Abolitionism • Woman’s rights • North vs. South Horace Mann of Massachusetts Charles Finney Dorothy Dix William Lloyd Garrison Danger of European powers, immigrant masses, and moral vice!

  31. Womens’ Rights • http://www.pbs.org/stantonanthony/

  32. Women’s Rights • Seneca Fall’s “Declaration on the Rights of Women” in 1848 • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Beginning of women’s suffrage campaign “Declaration of Rights”

  33. “Feminization” of Christianity • 2nd Great Awakening! • New status for women • New role for woman as moral leader of the family. • Home as sanctuary from “battlefield” of the marketplace. • Leading role by many women in evangelical movements • A middle class movement Harriet Beecher Stowe

  34. TRADITION OF DISSENT “…though the life of the Reformer may seem rugged and arduous, it were hard to say that any other was worth living at all… Not to have been a reformer is not to have truly lived.”

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