The Expanding Nation

1. The Expanding Nation Chapter 11

2. Section 11.1 Jefferson as President

3. The Republican Victory March 4, 1801-Large crowds gather in Washington for Jefferson’s inauguration. John Adams left the city. Victory for Republicans-won both Houses in Congress. Result-Jefferson would have support of Congress. First time one political party had replaced another in power in the US. Proof the country could change leaders peacefully. In address, Jefferson tried to comfort the Federalists still in the government by promising to run the government fairly.

4. Jefferson in Office Jefferson faced the task of putting his Republican ideas into practice. 1st-Selected members for his cabinet. James Madison as S of S, Albert Gallatin as Secretary of Treasury. Together, they set new Republican policies. Jefferson cut army and navy spending with hopes of allowing funds to be used to repay national debt. Federalists opposed this action. Asked Gallatin to find ways to get rid of domestic taxes, example: whiskey tax. Wanted to close down the government agency that collected such taxes.

5. Jefferson in Office Did keep some programs established by Federalists. Continued to allow the Bank of the United States operate. Huge problem-planned to keep many Federalists in their government jobs. Republicans-expected Jefferson to replace all Federalists with Republicans. Many questions “For what have we been contending?” Federalists equally unhappy with his military spending cuts. Under pressure, he agreed to replace some Federalists with Republicans. Didn’t replace all. Stuck to his government spending plans.

6. Marbury v. Madison Early 1801-Federalists in Congress passed a new laws that created many new judgeships and other court offices. Adams appointed Federalists to fill these positions. Jefferson accused Adams of filling the courts with Adams’ preferred judges hours before he got out of office. Were called “midnight judges.” After the inauguration, many Federalists had not received their special commissions. Without these forms, could not start their work. Jefferson took advantage of this fact. Ordered James Madison not to give out the papers. William Marbury demanded the Supreme Court force the Executive branch hand over his commission. Used Judicary Act of 1789. Never done before. Marbury claimed the Judicary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the right to do so.

7. Marbury v. Madison Chief Justice John Marshall was a Federalist appointed by Adams. Disagreed with Jefferson on many political issues. Jefferson protested when Marshall agreed to hear the case. Claimed the Federalists “have retired into the judiciary as a stronghold.” Concerned that Marshall would make sure all work of Republicans be erased. Decision in the case surprised everyone, even Jefferson.

8. Marbury v. Madison All justices agreed that Marbury had been treated unfairly. Question: Did the Supreme Court have the power to force Madison to give Marbury is commission? Judiciary Act said the Court did. Marshall said the court did not. Simple reason: He did not think that the Constitution allowed Congress to give the Supreme Court new powers. He believed the Judiciary Act had wrongly given the Court such a power. The act was unconstitutional-it did something not allowed by the Constitution. Therefore, the Supreme Court did not have the power to force the federal government to give Marbury his commission.

9. Judicial Review Marshall seemed to be giving up a power of the Supreme Court. Really claiming a much greater power. Chief Justice John Marshall established judicial review. This power allows the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional. Such a law is no longer in force. Greatly increased the Supreme Court’s legal authority. The Court became a much stronger branch within the national government. Result of Marbury v Madison: Marbury demanded that the Supreme court exercise powers granted with Judiciary Act. Importance: It established judicial review. Marbury v. Madison Video

10. The Louisiana Purchase Section 2 Chapter 11

11. French Louisiana The Spanish had been losing its hold over its territory in North American for years. Under a secret treaty, Spain traded Louisiana to France, passing the problem to someone else. 1800-France was led by General Napoleon Bonaparte. Had conquered neighboring countries in Europe. Wanted to take a strong hold in Western North America. Problem-former French colony St. Domingue.

12. French Louisiana Toussaint-Louverture had taken over the island after enslaved Africans revolted. Napoleon needed to take the island back for a supply base. St. Domingue troops were able to defeat French troops sent to over take the island in 1802. This defeat kept Napoleon from sending troops to Louisiana. US leaders worried that France would block westward expansion of the US. French could also interfere with trade by controlling the port of New Orleans.

13. French Louisiana New Orleans was founded by the French in 1718 (Note: Founded 16 years AFTER Mobile.) and came under Spanish rule in 1762. Busy docks were filled with settlers’ farm products and valuable furs brought from American Indians. Many goods passed through New Orleans on their way up the Mississippi. Was a cultural center that soon became the focus of Jefferson’s foreign policy. African, English, French and Spanish.

14. The Louisiana Purchase Jefferson wanted control of New Orleans but wanted it under peaceful terms. Sent US Ambassador to France, Robert R. Livingston and James Monroe to try to purchase New Orleans and West Florida. Talleyrand, French foreign minister said, “Without New Orleans, the rest of Louisiana would be of little value.” Asked American what they would offer for all of Louisiana. The Americans were stunned.

15. The Louisiana Purchase • Napoleon was willing to sell Louisiana for a number of reasons… • 1. They were about to go to war with Great Britain. • 2. Did not want to fight the US and Britain at the same time. • 3. Napoleon could use the money for to buy supplies for his armies in Europe. • 4. If the US owned Louisiana, it could challenge Britain’s power in North American. “I have given England a rival, who, sooner or later, will humble her pride.”

16. The Louisiana Purchase Livingston and Monroe were eager to take advantage of this sudden opportunity. Congress authorized $10 million but ambassadors agreed to buy Louisiana for $15 million. Jefferson, a strict constitutionalist believed he did not have the authority to buy the land. Monroe and Livingston, worried France would take back their offer, pushed the president to act quickly Jefferson agreed to the purchase. Senate approved the treaty for the Louisiana Purchase on October 20, 1803.

17. The Louisiana Purchase Size of the US doubled in size with the Louisiana Purchase. Stretched from the Mississippi River to the Great Rocky Mountains. Jefferson pleased that the land allowed so much room for the US to grow. He said proudly that the Louisiana Purchase expanded “the empire of liberty.” He believed it would provide “a widespread field for the blessings of freedom.”

18. Mission of Discovery Americans knew little about western Native Americas or the lands they lived on. Jefferson wanted to learn more about the people, land, and rivers of the West. Wanted to find a river route to the Pacific ocean. January 1803-asked Congress to fund a small western expedition. Former Army captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark were chosen. Told to explore the Missouri River. Jefferson wanted them to form peaceful relations with Native Americans.

19. Mission of Discovery To prepare, Lewis spent weeks studying with experts about botany, surveying, and other subjects. Knowledge allowed him to take careful notes. He gathered supplies for the journey. With Clark, Lewis carefully selected skilled frontiersmen for the Corps of Discovery. One of the group’s members, York is believed to be the first person of African descent to cross the continent.

20. The Lewis and Clark Expedition May 1804-Lewis and Clark Expedition began its long journey. Set out from St. Louis. Traveled up the Missouri River to the lands of the Mandan and the Sioux. Lewis used interpreters to talk to the leaders. Sacagawea, A Shoshone from the Rocky Mountains, proved to be very helpful. Offered to guide the expedition across the Great Plains. Sacagawea acted as a guide and interpreter. Lewis and Clark kept journals of their expedition. Told of animals, problems with Native Americans and natural hazards.

21. The Lewis and Clark Expedition After crossing the Great Plain, the expedition encountered the Rocky Mountains. Fortunately, the Shoshone leader in the area was Sacagawea’s brother. He provided horses and a guide to lead the expedition across the mountains. After crossing the mountains, they followed the Columbia River; met Nez Perce. Perce provided the expedition with food. November 7, 1805-Clark saw the Pacific Ocean. The expedition stayed in the Pacific Northwest through the harsh winter. Traded with the Clatsop and explored the coast.

22. The Lewis and Clark Expedition March 1806-Lewis and Clark headed home. Arrived by canoe in St. Louis in Sept. 1806. Did not find a river route to the Pacific. Did learn much about western lands and paths across the Rockies. Established contact with many Native Americans groups. They also collected a great deal of valuable scientific information on western plants and animals. Lewis and Clark

23. Pike’s Exploration 1806-Army officer Zebulon Pike was sent on a mission to find the starting point of the Red River. Red River-runs from Louisiana along some of the Northern border of present-day Texas. US considered the River to be part of the Louisiana Territory’s southwestern border with New Spain. Pike may have been instructed to spy on Spanish outpost in the Southwest. He led his expedition to the Rocky Mountains, present-day Colorado.

24. Pike’s Expedition He tried to climb the mountain known today as Pike’s Peak. 1807-Pike headed south with a few expedition members into present-day New Mexico. Found himself in Spanish lands. Tried to convince the Spanish that was confused. Though the Rio Grande was the Red River. He was arrested and held as a spy. When released, he returned to the US and reported that he thought there were good business opportunities for Americans in the Southwest.

25. The Coming of War Section 3, Chapter 11

26. Danger on the High Sea State of Algiers-one of several North African lands known as the Barbary States. Barbary States-practiced piracy and held foreign citizens captive for ransom. US agreed to make payments to protect their ships. US officials eventually refused to pay any more and sent the US Navy to end the pirate raids. 1803-Britain and France went to war. Each wanted to stop the US from supply goods and war materials to the other. Early 1800’s-Britain passed a series of acts allowing the British navy to search and seize ships carrying supplies to France. French declared no country could ship goods to Britain.

27. Danger on the High Seas Many American merchants ignored these foreign laws. Result-British and French navies captured many American merchants ships headed for Europe. British searched ships for sailors who had run away from the British navy. Forced for return. Impressment-practice of pressing or forcing people to serve in the army or navy. Example: British ship Leopard stopped the US Navy ship Chesapeake. Took 4 sailors by force.

28. A Trade War Debates raged about how the US should respond to Britain’s violations of US neutrality. Some war. Others favored an embargo against Britain. Jefferson and Republicans favored the embargo. December 1807-Congress passed the Embargo Act. Banned trade with foreign countries. Hoped to punish Britain and France and to protect American ships from capture. Main effect-hurt American merchants. Without trade, they lost a great deal of money. New England and New York relied heavily on trade.

29. A Trade War Popularity of Federalists rose and Jefferson’s support fell as the embargo continued. By December 1808, Jefferson had received 199 petitions asking him to repeal the Embargo Act. American merchants smuggled goods to Europe. Britain increased trade with South America. 1809-Congress replaced the act with the Non-Intercourse Act. Banned trade only with Britain, France and colonies. Stated US would continue trade with the first that stopped violating US neutrality. Hoped to put pressure on France and Britain to change their policies. Trade War Video

30. Rise of Tecumseh In the West, the British, Native Americas and the American settlers again clashed. Early 1800’s-Thousands of American settlers were entering the Northwest Territory. Settlers started settling on land once owned by Native Americans. Lands had been acquired by the US. Loss of land upset many NA leaders who had not agreed upon this agreement. Britain wanted to contain the rapid western growth of the US and protect its interests in Canada. Gave military aid to NA in the Northwest Territory.

31. Rise of Tecumseh One of the most talented and influential Native American leaders of this period was Tecumseh. A Shawnee chief, Tecumseh was a skilled military leader and a brilliant speaker. Warned other NA’s about the dangers they faced from settlers. Tecumseh hoped to unite NA’s of the Northwest Territory, South, and eastern Mississippi Valley. Aided by his brother, Tecumseh founded a village for his followers near the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers.

32. War on the Frontier William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indian Territory, believed Tecumseh was a serious threat to American power. Harrison and Tecumseh met face to face in 1810. Harrison urged him to follow treaties that had been signed. Tecumseh did not believe that any single chief had the right to give up land of all NA’s. Harrison warned Tecumseh not to resist the power of the US.

33. War on the Frontier Tecumseh traveled south to ask the Creek to join his forces. Harrison attacked while he was away. Harrison raised an army and then marched his troops close to the village of Tecumseh’s followers. The Battle of Tippecanoe began when Tecumseh’s brother, Prophet, ordered an attack on Harrison’s camp early on November 7, 1811. NA forces pushed through the lines but were ultimately defeated by Harrison’s troops. Tecumseh’s village was destroyed.

34. The War Debate Frontier fighting angered many Americans. Many believed the British had encouraged Tecumseh to attack settlers in the West. The War Hawks were members of Congress who favored war against Great Britain. Hawks saw war as the only answer to Britain’s insults. Lead by Henry Clay (Kentucky) and John C. Calhoun (South Carolina), War Hawks were strongest in the West and the South.

35. The War Debate Some believed that war would give the US a chance to expand. I.E. : Florida and Canada. Strongest opponents of the War Hawks were New England Federalists. British trade restrictions and impressments were hurting New England’s economy. Friendly business terms instead of war. Many antiwar politicians were worried that the US was not yet powerful enough to fight another war with Britain.

36. A Declaration of War President James Madison, a republican elected in 1808, faced the difficulty of carrying on the trade war. Felt growing pressure from War Hawks. Speaking to Congress on June 1, 1812, Madison described Great Britain conduct. He complained of Britain’s impressment of American sailors and criticized Britain’s continuing violation of US neutrality. The president called Congress to decide what the nation should do about this situation.

37. A Declaration of War A few days later, representatives of southern and western states voted for war. Representatives of Delaware, the New England states, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania voted for peace. When the votes were counted, the War Hawks had won. The result of the War Hawk’s victory was that, for the first time in US history, Congress declared war. Months later, Madison was reelected. He would serve as commander in chief during the War of 1812.

38. The War of 1812 Chapter 11, Section 4

39. The Story Continues August 19, 1812-The USS Constitution met the British ship Guerriere of the coast of Nova Scotia. Crews gathered on the decks. One observer said the Constitution's first cannon blast rocked the Guerriere like “the shock of an earthquake.” When British returned fire, A US sailor saw the cannonball bounce off the side of the Constitution. “Huzza, her sides are made of iron!” he cried. Soon “Old Ironsides” , the Constitution, won one of the first battles of the War of 1812.

40. The War at Sea Many were shocked with the American victory in this first battle. Expected British to sweep the US Navy from the seas. Americans great outnumber with only 20 ships. English had over 200. US did have advantages. US government licensed privately owned ships to attack British merchant ships. Cost less than building naval ships. Privateers captured hundreds of British ships.

41. War at Sea Most of the British navy’s ships were scattered around the globe. Couldn’t be called away. US Navy had well-trained sailors and new warships. US-carried more cannons than British warships. Defeats during one-on-one duals embarrassed the British and raised American morale. Eventually, British brought more ships to the American coast. Began patrolling in large numbers than US could fight. British blockaded American seaports and captured many American merchant ships.

42. The Canadian Border American leaders planned to invade Canada with 3 separate armies. Expected French Canadians to welcome US troops. When Americans attempted to invade Canada, the US Army was met with surprising resistance. July 1812-The British joined with Native Americans led by Tecumseh to defeat an American army and capture Fort Detroit. Other American forces had to retreat when militia members refused to cross the Canadian border. By the end of 1812, Britain controlled the strategic Great Lakes region.

43. The Canadian Border 1813-The US struck back. Late April US troops burned the Canadian capital, York. Moved to break control of Lake Erie. Navy gave the task to Captain Oliver Hazard Perry. After building a small fleet, Perry sailed out to meet the British on September 10, 1813. The Battle of Lake Erie lasted more than 3 hours. British finally surrendered. Many causalities were suffered on both sides.

44. The Frontier War General William Henry Harrison took advantage of Perry’s victory by pursuing the British and their NA allies into Canada. Caught up at the Thames River in October 1813. In the Battle of the Thames, Harrison boldly ordered a cavalry charge directly into the British force. The British defenses broke apart. NA’s continued to fight. Native American forces eventually retreated but Tecumseh was killed. His death weaken the British-NA alliance around the Great Lakes. Battle of the Thames victory broke British power in the Northwest Territory and secured the US border with Canada.

45. The Frontier War Before his death, Tecumseh had tried to enlist the Creek into his confederacy. 1813-Creek decided to take up arms against the US. Led by Chief Red Eagle, Creek forces destroyed Fort Mims in present-day Alabama. 250 fort defenders killed. Andrew Jackson, a general in the Tennessee militia, led his soldier south to fight the Creek. 1814-attacked the main Creek base on the Tallapoosa River. The Battle of Horseshoe Bend was a convincing victory for Jackson. Red Eagle came to Jackson’s camp and surrendered. Horseshoe Bend victory ended the Creek War and led to a treaty that forced the Creek to give up millions of acres of their land.

46. The British on the Offensive US not having such luck in the East. After defeating the French in 1814, Britain sent more troops to the US. Strengthen their blockades of American ports. Now reinforced, British moved to attack D.C. Madison and his cabinet were forced to flee when the British broke through US defenses. Marched onward into the city and set fire to the White House and other government buildings. Destruction was in response to the burning of the British capital in Canada.

47. The British on the Offensive British sailed on the Baltimore, which was protected by Fort McHenry. British shelled the fort for 25 hours. The Americans refused to surrender Fort McHenry. British chose to retreat instead of continuing to fight. Francis Scott Key witnessed the attack on Fort McHenry. He noticed the American flag flying over the fort as the battle began. He was overjoyed to see it still there after the fighting concluded. What did he write? Answer...

48. The Battle of New Orleans After Washington, the British launched another offensive. From their Caribbean bases, they attacked New Orleans. Goal-capture the city, take control of the Mississippi. Andrew Jackson was in command of the US forces around New Orleans. British troops advanced to within seven miles of the city. Startled, Jackson ordered his forces to make a stand. Jackson’s troops were a mix of regular soldiers, state militia and pirates led by Jean Laffite. Quickly constructed a wall of dirt and logs and waited for the attack.

49. The Battle of New Orleans The Battle of New Orleans began on the morning of January 8, 1815. 5,300 British soldiers attacked Jackson’s 4,500 forces. British marched under the cover of fog. As they drew closer, the air cleared. Exposed to heavy fire. Caught on an open field, the British were cut down with frightening speed. By the time the battle ended, more than 2,000 British soldiers had been killed or wounded. American suffered around 70 casualties. The Americans won a convincing victory at the Battle of New Orleans.

50. Ending the War Hartford Convention-New England federalists gathered at Hartford, Connecticut to oppose the war. Some wanted to withdraw from the union but moderate members convinced the convention to send delegates to meet with Congress over states’ rights. Before they made it to DC, the war had ended. Some critics accused them of treason. The Federalists’ attempt to challenge the power of the national government proved costly. Humiliated, the Federalists lost much of the political power.