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Institute on Neuroscience ION/Teach

Institute on Neuroscience ION/Teach. Build-A-Brain!. This Is Your Brain. Directional Terms. Middle English words for front, back, top and bottom. Nonhuman animals are oriented differently. So are their brains. The Cerebrum. Parietal Lobe perception related to: touch pressure

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Institute on Neuroscience ION/Teach

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  1. Institute on Neuroscience ION/Teach Build-A-Brain!

  2. This Is Your Brain

  3. Directional Terms Middle English words for front, back, top and bottom

  4. Nonhuman animals are oriented differently

  5. So are their brains

  6. The Cerebrum • Parietal Lobe • perception related to: • touch • pressure • temperature • pain • Frontal Lobe • reasoning • planning • parts of speech • movement • emotions • problem-solving • Occipital Lobe • Vision or sight • Temporal Lobe • Hearing or audition • memory Lobes are only organized like this in the brains of mammals

  7. Brain Stem & Spinal Cord • Diencephalon • -Hypothalamus – the 4 F’s • -Thalamus—sensory relay station • Midbrain -Tectum -Processing visual and auditory stimuli -Lower vertebrates: vision -Tegmentum -basal ganglia: motor activity • Hindbrain • -Pons - ”bridge” (plus nuclei) • -Medulla oblongata • -Cerebellum

  8. The Cerebellum • Functions: coordination of balance, locomotion and movement • Note: All vertebrates have a cerebellum which varies in size depending on the class of animals

  9. Brain Complexity & Surface Area • Convolutions = folds • Increase surface area • Reflect more complexity • (in cerebrum and/or cerebellum only) How does this brain compare to other vertebrate brain models?

  10. Brain diversity across vertebrate classes Size of forebrain related to "intelligence" of species behavioral complexity? Compare across species to consider structure-function relations e.g. olf bulb or cerebellum Vertebrate Brain Diversity

  11. Vertebrate Brains and Brain Diversity

  12. Understanding an animal’s behavior or how it interacts with its environment can help you make predictions about what its brain might look like Knowing about an animal’s brain can help you make predictions about its behavior or sensory systems Relative brain size is more important than overall brain size Brain Diversity & Adaptations

  13. Who has the best brain?

  14. That depends on what you need it for.

  15. Evolutionary increase in relative brain size. • Humans and several other animals have much larger brains than expected, based on body mass. • Ratio was named the “encephalization quotient”, by H. J. Jerison. • Hypothesized reasons: • climate change • eating fruit! • improved • vasculature • neoteny

  16. How are dog and cat brains different? • Which do you think has a proportionally larger olfactory bulb? • How about cerebral cortex? Which has more wrinkles (convolutions)? • How about the cerebellum? Which is bigger? Which has more convolutions?

  17. Dog vs. Cat

  18. Brains and Behavior of Aquatic Mammals: A Comparison of Dolphins, Sea Lions and Manatees

  19. Sea Lion Bottle-nose Dolphin

  20. Marine Mammal: Florida Manatee

  21. Compare Marine Mammal Brains

  22. Consider These Brains Forebrain/Cortex Midbrain (Visual) Cerebellum (Coordination)

  23. What do these brains tell you about the behavior of these animals? Forebrain/Cortex Midbrain (Visual) Cerebellum (Coordination)

  24. Now Build Your Own Brain! • It can be a brain from a real or imaginary creature • Supplies: Play-Doh (at least four different colors), your imagination, and hands! • What does the relative size of different brain regions say about the environment of the animal?

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