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第八讲 简单命题及其推理(四) 关系命题及其推理

第八讲 简单命题及其推理(四) 关系命题及其推理.

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第八讲 简单命题及其推理(四) 关系命题及其推理

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  1. 第八讲 简单命题及其推理(四) 关系命题及其推理

  2. In the general sense of the term, a syllogism is a deductive argument consisting of exactly two premises and one conclusion. The three terms in a categorical syllogism are given names depending on their position in the argument. The major term, by definition, is the predicate of the conclusion, and the minor term is the subject of the conclusion. The middle term, which provides the middle ground between the two premises, is the one that occurs once in each premise and does not occur in the conclusion. The major premise, by definition, is the one that contains the major term, and the minor premise is the one that contains the minor term.

  3. Rule 1: A valid standard-form categorical syllogism must contain exactly three terms. Fallacy :Four Terms. Rule 2: The middle term must be distributed at least once. Fallacy:Undistributed middle. Rule 3: If a term is distributed in the conclusion, then it must be distributed in a premise. Fallacy:Illicit major (illicit process of the major term); illicit minor.

  4. Rule 4: Two negative premises are not allowed.A negative premise requires a negative conclusion, and a negative conclusion requires a negative premise. (Any syllogism having exactly one negative statement is invalid.) Fallacy: Exclusive premises.Drawing an affirmative conclusion from a negative premise.Drawing a negative conclusion from affirmative premises. Rule 5:(As a result of the interaction of these first four rules, no valid syllogism can have two particular premises, if either premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular.)

  5. 新授 一、关系命题 例: 1) 中国和日本是近邻。 2)    孔尚任是孔子的后代。 3)    潘金莲非常喜欢武松。 4)    光的速度和无线电波的速度相等。 5)    邓朴方是邓小平的儿子。 6)    周作人是鲁迅的弟弟。 7)    武汉在北京和广州中间。 8)    有的选举人赞成所有的候选人。 ******

  6. 1、构成: 1)关系者项(主项): a、b、c 2)关系项(谓项): R 3)量项: 2、逻辑形式:所有的(有的)aR有的(所有的)b。 aRb。 ******

  7. 二、关系的性质 1、关系的对称性 对称关系:symmetric relation aRbbRa。 反对称关系:antisymmetric aRbbRa假。 非对称关系:asymmetric aRbbRa真或假。 2、关系的传递性 传递关系:transitive aRb,bRc aRc。 反传递关系:antitransitive aRb,bRc aRc假。 非传递关系:intransitive aRb,bRcaRc真或假。 ******

  8. 三、关系推理 1)甲与乙是邻居,所以乙与甲也是邻居。 2)A大于B,所以B不大于A。 3)中国人口比印度人口多,印度人口比巴基斯坦人口多,所以中国人口比巴基斯坦人口多。 4)张三是李四舅舅,李四是王五舅舅,所以张三不是王五舅舅。 5)所有的正数大于所有的负数,0.1是正数,所以0.1大于所有的负数。 6)(李强是从五(2)班转到五(1)班的)五(2)班学生和李强是同学,王芳是五(2)班学生,所以王芳和李强是同学(李强和王芳是同学)。 ******

  9. 1、直接关系推理 1)对称性关系推理 aRbbRa 2)反对称性关系推理aRbb非Ra 2、间接关系推理 1)传递性……(aRb)∧(bRc) aRc 2)反传递性…(aRb) ∧(bRc) a非Rc 3、混合关系推理(混合关系三段论) (a Rb)∧(c是a)(cRb) ******

  10. 规则:A、性质命题须肯定; B、媒介项至少周延一次; C、项的周延性不得扩大; D、关系命题前提与结论肯定否定一致; E、关系R如不对称,结论中关系者项位置不变。 獐与鹿  阿凡提释梦  兄弟分家 ******

  11. 真题练习 **(2002年A类)【例题】某厂有五种产品:甲、乙、丙、丁、戊。它们的年销售额之间的关系为:丙没有丁高,甲没有乙高,戊高于丁,而乙不如丙高。 请问,哪种产品的年销售额最高?(  ) A、甲  B、乙   C、丁   D、戊 【答案】D 【解析】传递性关系推理。

  12. **(2000年)80.体育馆内正进行一场乒乓球双打比赛,观众议论双方运动员甲、乙、丙、丁的年龄:**(2000年)80.体育馆内正进行一场乒乓球双打比赛,观众议论双方运动员甲、乙、丙、丁的年龄: (1)“乙比甲的年龄大” (2)“甲比他的伙伴的年龄大” (3)“丙比他的两个对手的年龄都大” (4)“甲与乙的年龄差距比丙与乙的年龄差距大些” 根据这些议论,甲、乙、丙、丁的年龄从大到小的顺序是(  ) A、甲、丙、乙、丁 B、丙、乙、甲、丁 C、乙、甲、丁、丙 D、乙、丙、甲、丁

  13. 【答案】D 【解析】关系推理。由(1)可排除A,由(3)可排除C,此题不严密,BD均可。

  14. **(2003年B类)39. 小张比小孔重;小刘比小马重;小马比小王轻;小孔跟小王一样重。 据此可知: A. 小刘比小张重 B. 小孔比小马轻 C. 小张比小马重 D. 小孔比小刘轻 【答案】C 【解析】反对称性关系推理,传递性关系推理。小张比小孔重,小孔跟小王一样重,所以(1)小张比小王重。小马比小王轻,所以(2)小王比小马重。(1)和(2)可推出“小张比小马重”。

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