THE MAKING OF EUROPE AND THE WORLD OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

1. THE MAKING OF EUROPE AND THE WORLD OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE Chapter 12

2. The Transformation Of The Roman World Define: Power vacuum Who steps in to fill the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Western Roman Empire? Power vacuum: a situation in which established forms of political power either disappear or prove inadequate to protect the people of a region. The Germanic mercenary tribes that had dismantled the Empire.Power vacuum: a situation in which established forms of political power either disappear or prove inadequate to protect the people of a region. The Germanic mercenary tribes that had dismantled the Empire.

3. The Transformation Of The Roman WorldThe New Germanic Kingdoms Ostrogoths in Italy and Visigoths in Spain Why are the outward forms of Roman Government maintained? Who maintains them? What happens to the lines separating German and Roman? Britain. What tribes fill the power vacuum on the island? Because people are used to them and they retain some local control. The Germanic tribes support them, but the warrior caste retains true power. Roman and German begin to merge under Germanic tradition. Angles and Saxons take control of Rome by about 500 AD.Because people are used to them and they retain some local control. The Germanic tribes support them, but the warrior caste retains true power. Roman and German begin to merge under Germanic tradition. Angles and Saxons take control of Rome by about 500 AD.

4. The Transformation Of The Roman WorldThe Kingdoms of the Franks Only German state that proved to be long lasting. Predecessor of what ultimately morphed into France Reached prominence under Clovis (500) Merovingian dynasty What convinces Clovis to accept the new God? A number of German kings converted to (Arian) Christianity, but Clovis was one of the first to convert to mainstream Christianity (eventually: Catholicism) Significance? Clovis wins a battle after praying to Jesus Clovis’ acceptance of Roman Christianity keeps the doctrine of the Church recognizable to us, and also gives Rome some of its later influence.Clovis wins a battle after praying to Jesus Clovis’ acceptance of Roman Christianity keeps the doctrine of the Church recognizable to us, and also gives Rome some of its later influence.

5. The Transformation Of The Roman WorldClovis and the Pope The Roman church was still based in Rome. Was a split in Europe between the Roman Catholic Church and the Arian church Major dispute was the nature of Jesus. Why does the Roman church need the support of powerful political leaders? Why does the Roman Church have political power? Pope’s relation to Eastern Emperor? Emperor in Constantinople named Clovis a Consul. How does this benefit Clovis, the Eastern Emperor, and the Pope? Rome needs political support to survive. It has effectively no army, and can be taken over by any strong king. Only by convincing kings that they speak for God can Rome survive as an independent power. This is a good time for a discussion on how political and religious power interact. These are people with no concept of the separation of Church and State. The Roman Church has political power because it wields spiritual authority over kings. The Pope’s relation to the Eastern Empire (as we will see) is competitive and supportive. The Eastern Empire wants to support Christianity in the West, but views the Emperor as having ultimate power. The Pope, on the other hand, while needing support from the Emperor politically, views himself as being the final authority in spiritual matters. Both sides claim ultimate authority and largely ignore the others’ claims. Clovis gets legitimacy from Byzantium and the Church. The Pope gets a powerful local guardian, and the Empire gets an ally in the West that it can pretend is a subordinate. Rome needs political support to survive. It has effectively no army, and can be taken over by any strong king. Only by convincing kings that they speak for God can Rome survive as an independent power. This is a good time for a discussion on how political and religious power interact. These are people with no concept of the separation of Church and State. The Roman Church has political power because it wields spiritual authority over kings. The Pope’s relation to the Eastern Empire (as we will see) is competitive and supportive. The Eastern Empire wants to support Christianity in the West, but views the Emperor as having ultimate power. The Pope, on the other hand, while needing support from the Emperor politically, views himself as being the final authority in spiritual matters. Both sides claim ultimate authority and largely ignore the others’ claims. Clovis gets legitimacy from Byzantium and the Church. The Pope gets a powerful local guardian, and the Empire gets an ally in the West that it can pretend is a subordinate.

6. The Transformation Of The Roman World

7. The Transformation Of The Roman World The Society of the Germanic Peoples As German and Roman culture fused, Germanic traditions became dominant. Social unit of Germanic culture? Males were dominant. Roman law was replaced by Germanic tradition. Crime was considered much more personal in the Germanic system. blood feuds and wergeld. trial by Compurgation and Ordeal The Germanic tribes were organized around the extended family or clan. Wergeld means “money for a man.” The killing of a man by a member of a different clan demanded revenge, however justified the killing was. For the guilty clan to pay wergeld was a way to avoid the resultant blood feud. Compurgation involved getting people to swear your innocence for you, the theory being that if you couldn’t find enough people then you were likely guilty, and Ordeal involved undergoing harmful or fatal tasks with the assurance that God would not allow the innocent to be harmed (trial by combat was also practiced. The Germanic tribes were organized around the extended family or clan. Wergeld means “money for a man.” The killing of a man by a member of a different clan demanded revenge, however justified the killing was. For the guilty clan to pay wergeld was a way to avoid the resultant blood feud. Compurgation involved getting people to swear your innocence for you, the theory being that if you couldn’t find enough people then you were likely guilty, and Ordeal involved undergoing harmful or fatal tasks with the assurance that God would not allow the innocent to be harmed (trial by combat was also practiced.

8. The Transformation Of The Roman World The Organization of the Church By the 4th Century the basic structure of church governance established. A Bishop headed community in each city. Bishops joined together under an Archbishop. Bishops of Rome, Jerusalem, Alexandria and Antioch held special power. Why? These cities were Christian strongholds in the 1st and 2nd centuries, whose bishops held traditional power.These cities were Christian strongholds in the 1st and 2nd centuries, whose bishops held traditional power.

9. Emergence of Pope Bishop of Rome began to claim even more power Basis for claim? Came to be known as Popes. 4th and 5th Centuries Western Europe came to accept the bishop of Rome as the head of the church The basis for the claim was that not only was Rome an ancient seat of Christianity, but the true home of Roman civilization, the first Christian state. In the absence of the Roman Emperor, many had looked to the Popes for help. Often the Pope was the only government. Rome was the only ancient Christian center effectively unruled by Byzantium.The basis for the claim was that not only was Rome an ancient seat of Christianity, but the true home of Roman civilization, the first Christian state. In the absence of the Roman Emperor, many had looked to the Popes for help. Often the Pope was the only government. Rome was the only ancient Christian center effectively unruled by Byzantium.

10. The Transformation Of The Roman WorldEmergence of the Pope Power of the Pope was strengthened in the sixth century under Gregory I (Gregory the Great). Assumed power over Rome and surrounding state—Papal States. Significance? Converted pagans in Germany and England and converted the Visigoths from Arian “heresy” How does the monastic movement strengthen his power? The Papal States give the Pope both the ability and the responsibility to seize temporal power. The monastic movement strengthens the Pope’s power by converting Arians, educating their pupils to obey him and also by becoming, in some sense, heroes of the people.The Papal States give the Pope both the ability and the responsibility to seize temporal power. The monastic movement strengthens the Pope’s power by converting Arians, educating their pupils to obey him and also by becoming, in some sense, heroes of the people.

11. The Transformation Of The Roman WorldThe Monks and Their Missions Why do monks (3rd century) seek to live a life divorced from the world? Originally were hermits, but soon banded together into communities called monasteries Purpose? Basic structure of monasteries and monastic life was set by Saint Benedict (480-543) A monk seeks total dedication to the will of God. The monasteries sought to glorify God through communal effort and worship.A monk seeks total dedication to the will of God. The monasteries sought to glorify God through communal effort and worship.

12. The Transformation Of The Roman WorldBenedictine Rule Divided each day into a series of activities with emphasis on prayer and labor. Monastery strictly ruled by an abbot who had absolute power. Each monastery held lands around the monastery that allowed it to be self-sufficient How will this be important after the fall of the Empire? Individual monks took a vow of poverty Monasticism played an important role in medieval civilization. How do monks… Benefit society? Keep learning alive? Help to spread Christianity? Self-sufficient monasteries did not rely on a lord to protect them or oppress people to feed them The monasteries sought to glorify God through education, good works, and preaching the Gospel to the pagan Europeans. Self-sufficient monasteries did not rely on a lord to protect them or oppress people to feed them The monasteries sought to glorify God through education, good works, and preaching the Gospel to the pagan Europeans.

13. The Transformation Of The Roman WorldCharlemagne In the mid-700s the Merovingian dynasty was deposed by Pepin Pepin succeeded by his son, Charles, also known as Charles the Great or Charlemagne. Charlemagne—r. 768-814 determined and decisive man very intelligent and inquisitive fierce warrior Good statesmen illiterate but a patron of learning

14. Charlemagne Controlled More Of Europe Than Any Leader Until Napoleon.

15. The Transformation Of The Roman World Charlemagne  Used Counts to control local areas. But how will he control the Counts? In 800 Charlemagne was crowned by the Pope as Roman Emperor. Birth of the Holy Roman Empire. How is this important to the Roman Church? What does it tell you about relations with the Byzantines? How is it important to the Carolingians? Symbolized the fusion of the new German power with the old Roman tradition and with the Roman Church Charlemagne used the missi dominici, or messengers of the king, as spies and messengers to his Counts. The Pope would like to use the HRE to supply it with temporal power, while the HRE would like the Pope to lend it spiritual authority. The Byzantines can only regard this second Emperor as a challenge to their Imperial authority, which it was.Charlemagne used the missi dominici, or messengers of the king, as spies and messengers to his Counts. The Pope would like to use the HRE to supply it with temporal power, while the HRE would like the Pope to lend it spiritual authority. The Byzantines can only regard this second Emperor as a challenge to their Imperial authority, which it was.

16. The Transformation Of The Roman World Carolingian Renaissance Charlemagne tried to revive learning in his kingdom--Carolingian Renaissance. Centered in monasteries where texts were copied by hand in scriptoria. Works of early Christianity and Latin classics. 90% of the ancient Roman works that we have today exist because they were copied by Carolingian monks.

17. The World Of Lords And VassalsTreaty of Verdun Why does the Empire begin to break up after Charlemagne’s death in 814? Kingdoms engaged in almost incessant fighting What is the effect of the continuous warfare between kings? What system will this lead to? Charlemagne’s grandsons tried to divide the Empire, which didn’t work. The warfare among kings weakened them, and led powerful nobles to believe they could be independent. This is the first sign of feudalism.Charlemagne’s grandsons tried to divide the Empire, which didn’t work. The warfare among kings weakened them, and led powerful nobles to believe they could be independent. This is the first sign of feudalism.

18. Treaty of Verdun

19. Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries In the Ninth and Tenth Centuries Europe was beset with invasions from out-lying people. Muslims raided southern coast of Europe Magyars from invaded central Europe and settled in Hungary Vikings invaded throughout Europe and Russia from Scandinavia starting in the Eighth Century.

20. Vikings Vikings from Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Not all of them were after the same thing. Colonization, trade, piracy Why were they successful invaders? Early raids limited to the summer, but by mid-Ninth Century, Norseman had begun to settle in Europe. The Vikings became large-scale, professional pirates. They had a warrior culture and the best ships in the world. They moved faster than their victims could react, and so could not be stopped.They had a warrior culture and the best ships in the world. They moved faster than their victims could react, and so could not be stopped.

21. Vikings Viking onslaught came near to destroying civilization in West Frankish lands. How could they be dealt with? Charles the Bald Impact: Norwegians settled in Ireland and Danes in northwestern England: Danelaw 911: Vikings settle western Frankish lands: Normandy. Long-term effects on the Vikings? Why not the other way around? Many lords paid off the Vikings to avoid the pillaging. Vikings were assimilated due to weight of numbers and because they found that being lords was less risky than being pirates. Also, they eventually converted to Christianity in exchange for the lordships, which brought about a semblance of peace.Many lords paid off the Vikings to avoid the pillaging. Vikings were assimilated due to weight of numbers and because they found that being lords was less risky than being pirates. Also, they eventually converted to Christianity in exchange for the lordships, which brought about a semblance of peace.

22. Decline in Economy Trade had largely disintegrated during the early Middle Ages (400-1000). Why? Effect on military power? Effect on economy? Effect on diet? Wine became a costly luxury, Most people ate and drank bread and porridge, beer and water. Effect on demographics? Define: demographics What do people’s lives become centered around? The decline of trade meant that no one could pay a standing army, that people became dirt poor, and that the diet became bland and less healthy. Demographics: data about people, such as age grouping, occupations, and where they tend to live. People stop living in vulnerable cities, and cluster around defensible castles.The decline of trade meant that no one could pay a standing army, that people became dirt poor, and that the diet became bland and less healthy. Demographics: data about people, such as age grouping, occupations, and where they tend to live. People stop living in vulnerable cities, and cluster around defensible castles.

23. Impact of Change in Warfare Arming soldiers became more expensive because the technology of warfare changed. Why is the stirrup a weapon? What is necessary for a man to be an effective warrior? Where do these resources come from? What becomes the ideal of the warrior? The stirrup allows a knight to wield a heavier lance with far more power and precision than he can with a saddle alone. To be effective, a man must have great strength, training, and expensive weaponry. These resources come from the work of peasants and serfs. The mounted knight becomes the warrior ideal. The stirrup allows a knight to wield a heavier lance with far more power and precision than he can with a saddle alone. To be effective, a man must have great strength, training, and expensive weaponry. These resources come from the work of peasants and serfs. The mounted knight becomes the warrior ideal.

24. The Development of Fief-holding Why do the invasions and changes in society lead to the destruction of central, royal power? Who will fill this power vacuum? Kings can no longer protect subjects. Local lords can if they fortify every location.Kings can no longer protect subjects. Local lords can if they fortify every location.

25. Lords and Vassals Feudal “System” Lords have land. They grant land to Vassals Define: vassal Why grant land to a vassal? In exchange for what? Fief: Land given to vassal by lord Where do vassals get their power? Vassal: a man who swears loyalty and service to a greater lord in exchange for land and protection. Land is granted to a vassal to give him means to support himself and interest in protecting that means. The lord gets independent forces available to defend his lands. Vassals get their income from rents paid by peasant tenants who farm the land.Vassal: a man who swears loyalty and service to a greater lord in exchange for land and protection. Land is granted to a vassal to give him means to support himself and interest in protecting that means. The lord gets independent forces available to defend his lands. Vassals get their income from rents paid by peasant tenants who farm the land.

26. Feudal Contract Obligations of vassals to Lord: Perform military service (40 days a year) Why so little? Appear at lord’s court when summoned to give advice Consequence of refusal? Executive and judiciary in own fief Taxes to lord Obligations of lords to vassals: protect him at need maintenance of the vassal, usually by granting a fief. Peasants farm the lord/vassal’s land 40 days was about all a vassal could afford (many had to manage, if not physically work) their own lands. Refusal to appear constituted oath-breaking and rebellion.40 days was about all a vassal could afford (many had to manage, if not physically work) their own lands. Refusal to appear constituted oath-breaking and rebellion.

27. The Nobility of the Middle Ages During the High Middle Ages (1000-1300) European society was dominated by men who loved war. Medieval theory: what makes a man a noble? Nobility increasingly build castles. What makes castles effective? A true noble was a man who could place himself on the line of battle to defend those weaker than himself. Siege engines were weak and ineffective. Large piles of stone gave defenders a huge advantage. Most had immense storehouses and internal wells to stand off a siege.A true noble was a man who could place himself on the line of battle to defend those weaker than himself. Siege engines were weak and ineffective. Large piles of stone gave defenders a huge advantage. Most had immense storehouses and internal wells to stand off a siege.

28. England in the High Middle Ages William the Conqueror England and the Anglo-Saxon kings. 1066: William of Normandy claims the British throne Details of claim? Defeats King Harold: Battle of Hastings. Crowned King of England; imports Norman (French) vassals Effect on power of monarchy? Aristocracy? Anglo-Saxon and Norman institutions merge Effect on English language? Repercussions for England/France relationship? Harold was not the son of the previous king of England, but had made a deal to take the throne. William claimed that he had saved Harold’s life before Harold became king, and that Harold had promised him the English throne for this. There were no witnesses. The Battle of Hastings was won when a Norman archer managed to send an arrow through Harold’s eye. With no king, the Saxons broke and ran. With a loyal aristocracy backing him, William gained power and the aristocrats lost it. After this, English stops being a wholly Germanic language, and becomes a hybrid of English and French, with French words being considered more “polite.” As the King of England is now in theory the vassal of the King of France, this sows the seeds for a lot of unpleasantness about William’s land in France. Is it French or English?Harold was not the son of the previous king of England, but had made a deal to take the throne. William claimed that he had saved Harold’s life before Harold became king, and that Harold had promised him the English throne for this. There were no witnesses. The Battle of Hastings was won when a Norman archer managed to send an arrow through Harold’s eye. With no king, the Saxons broke and ran. With a loyal aristocracy backing him, William gained power and the aristocrats lost it. After this, English stops being a wholly Germanic language, and becomes a hybrid of English and French, with French words being considered more “polite.” As the King of England is now in theory the vassal of the King of France, this sows the seeds for a lot of unpleasantness about William’s land in France. Is it French or English?

29. Territory Held by William the Conqueror

30. Henry II Henry II:12th Century founder of the Plantagenet dynasty. Greatly expanded the power of the English monarch. Angevin Empire. How does Henry use marriage to expand his realm? How does he use the law to expand his power? Define: English common law . Dispute with Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket. Nature of dispute? “Solution?” Why important? He marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Henry starts trying more cases in royal courts, establishing that he has power to do so. Common law: Law applying to everyone in England, which can only be judged by the king’s (not the nobles’) courts The dispute was whether common law or canon law ruled when a clergyman was accused. Becket would not agree to allow clergy to be tried under common law. Henry expressed a wish that Becket would die, which was acted upon by four knights, whether the king really meant them to or not. Accused of plotting an archbishop’s murder, Henry had to back down or face excommunication, which meant that the Church contuinued to be independent. He marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Henry starts trying more cases in royal courts, establishing that he has power to do so. Common law: Law applying to everyone in England, which can only be judged by the king’s (not the nobles’) courts The dispute was whether common law or canon law ruled when a clergyman was accused. Becket would not agree to allow clergy to be tried under common law. Henry expressed a wish that Becket would die, which was acted upon by four knights, whether the king really meant them to or not. Accused of plotting an archbishop’s murder, Henry had to back down or face excommunication, which meant that the Church contuinued to be independent.

31. Magna Carta Early 13th century the nobles became resentful of King John, Henry’s son. Why him and not Henry? Nobles get the upper hand and John is forced to sign the Magna Carta Specified the feudal rights and obligations between the king and vassals. Significance? Personality of John; paranoid and abrasive. This is one of the first written constitutions, and will provide much of the English political tradition of limited monarchy.Personality of John; paranoid and abrasive. This is one of the first written constitutions, and will provide much of the English political tradition of limited monarchy.

32. English Parliament Edward I creates the first English Parliament in 1295. Why does he need to raise new taxes? Whom does he call? Morphs into House of Lords (Barons and high church officials) and House of Commons (Knights and important townsfolk). Parliaments of Edward I granted taxes, discussed politics, passed laws and handled judicial business. He needs to raise taxes because he’s fighting the Scots. He calls on the nobles and the prominent commoners to support him.He needs to raise taxes because he’s fighting the Scots. He calls on the nobles and the prominent commoners to support him.

33. The Growth of the French Kingdom Last Carolingian French king died in 987; West Frankish nobles chose Hugh Capet as the new king; establishes the Capetian dynasty. King controlled only the lands around Paris. What good is a weak king? King Philip II Augustus increased power of French kings. How does he increase his power over that of nobles? How does he keep it? A weak king can be controlled by nobles who don’t wish to much attention called to their use of power. Philip gets the nobles to support wars against England. Philip keeps the land, and sets up a bureaucracy to manage it.A weak king can be controlled by nobles who don’t wish to much attention called to their use of power. Philip gets the nobles to support wars against England. Philip keeps the land, and sets up a bureaucracy to manage it.

34. French Kingdom Philip IV Philip IV created the French parliament (Estates-General) in 1302. He asked representatives of the three estates (classes) to meet with him. What are the three estates of man? Why does the French parliament have less power to oppose the King? Effect of strong central monarchy on France? 3 Estates: Clergy, Nobility, and Commoner The French Parliament has no Magna Carta limiting the king’s power, nor did the King need their tax money.3 Estates: Clergy, Nobility, and Commoner The French Parliament has no Magna Carta limiting the king’s power, nor did the King need their tax money.

35. Holy Roman Empire Dukes of the Saxons became kings of the eastern Frankish kingdom (10th C.) Intervene in Italian politics; named Emperors of the Romans by the Pope in 962. Dis/advantages to the “Emperors?” To Popes? Stability of “Empire?” Power of “Emperors?” Why can’t they consolidate? The Emperors bore the cost of ruling Italy and the interference of Popes, but the Popes tended to support them in disputes with others. The Popes bore the interference of Emperors, but also got their protection. The Empire was too big and diverse to be really stable, or for the Emperors to really gain power over nobles. No one, including the Popes wanted a strong HREmperor. SO they tended to destabilize it. The Emperors bore the cost of ruling Italy and the interference of Popes, but the Popes tended to support them in disputes with others. The Popes bore the interference of Emperors, but also got their protection. The Empire was too big and diverse to be really stable, or for the Emperors to really gain power over nobles. No one, including the Popes wanted a strong HREmperor. SO they tended to destabilize it.

36. Slavs Native people to Eastern Europe. Western Slavs (Poland and Bohemia) Converted by Roman Catholic missionaries and become generally affiliated with Western Europe. Non-Slavic Hungarians (Maygars) also converted and become part of “western” Europe.

37. Slavs Southern and Eastern Slavs converted to Orthodox Christianity by the Byzantine Empire. Two Byzantine missionary brothers created a Slavonic alphabet (Cyrillic), translated the Bible into Slavonic and developed Slavonic church service. Eastern Slavs (western Russia) conquered by invading Vikings called the Rus.

39. The Development of Russia Early 10th Century--Viking leader Oleg settled in Kiev. Geographic center of this civilization? Vikings gradually assimilated in the Slavic population. Vladimir married the sister of the Byzantine emperor. Political effects? Religious effects? Kievan Russia reached its height in the early 11th century. Dominated by nobles called Boyars. Vladimir and the Empire enter into an alliance. Russia becomes OrthodoxVladimir and the Empire enter into an alliance. Russia becomes Orthodox

40. Russian Czars Kiev falls to north Russian princes in 1169 13th Century area is dominated by Mongols. How do Mongols exert power? Aleksandr Nevsky Prince of Novgorod Defeated a German invading army in 1242. Cooperated with Mongols and wins their favor. Rewarded with the title of Grand Prince Beginning of Dolgorukii line Mongols tend to appoint local rulers to exact tribute.Mongols tend to appoint local rulers to exact tribute.

41. The World Of The Peasants The population of Europe doubled from 38 Mil. to 74 Mil between 1000 and 1300. Reasons for population increase? The New Agriculture More agricultural land Heavy plow and new horse harness. Plows and teams of horses were owned in common. Horseshoe Water and wind power drive mills. Why didn’t this happen for Romans? Shift to the three field system. Increased trade and agricultural production; end of invasions. Slave power discouraged labor-saving inventionsIncreased trade and agricultural production; end of invasions. Slave power discouraged labor-saving inventions

42. THE WORLD OF THE PEASANTS The Manorial System Lords and vassals depended on the labor of the peasants Manors—agricultural estate operated by a lord and worked by peasants. Increasingly free peasants were forced into serfdom. Serfs were bound to the land and required to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord’s jurisdiction. By the 9th century, 60 percent of peasants were serfs.

43. Manor (3-field) System

44. THE WORLD OF THE PEASANTSObligations of Serfs and Lords Serf’s obligations: Work the lord’s land (1/3 to a 1/2 of land on the manor) Build barns, dig ditches and otherwise contribute to manor Who owns the land? How is rent collected? Pay the lord for the use of the manor’s common lands and services: pastures, ponds, streams and woodlands, mill, etc. Lord’s legal rights over serfs. Serfs were legally bound to the land Serfs could not marry outside the manor without permission Judicial rights The lords own the land. Rent is collected in a share of the crop, not in money.The lords own the land. Rent is collected in a share of the crop, not in money.

45. THE WORLD OF THE PEASANTSDaily Life of the Peasantry Peasant life was simple, stark and full of hard work. Small huts made of wood with thatched roofs Peasant women. Major cause of death? Diet: heavy bread made of multiple whole grains. Supplemented with vegetables grown in home gardens and dairy products. Drank copious amounts of beer. Three gallons a day. Why beer? Childbirth complications was the major cause of death in women. Beer was drunk because water was unsafe.Childbirth complications was the major cause of death in women. Beer was drunk because water was unsafe.

46. Trade and Cities The Revival of Trade  End of the 10th century, merchants and traders re-emerge in Europe. Northern Italy took the lead. Why is Italy well-placed for this? Major trading partner? Flanders in present-day Belgium was leading trading center of North Atlantic. Partners? Money economy emerged. Gold and silver. New trading and banking houses developed. Impact of trade on demographics? Italy is well-placed for the same reasons Rome was. Its major trading partners are the Arabians, and thence the Chinese. Its competitor is the Byzantines. Flanders’ partners are the Scandinavians and the English. Reviving trade means more cities and fewer castles. Italy is well-placed for the same reasons Rome was. Its major trading partners are the Arabians, and thence the Chinese. Its competitor is the Byzantines. Flanders’ partners are the Scandinavians and the English. Reviving trade means more cities and fewer castles.

47. The Growth of Cities During the early middle ages cities had dwindled, especially north of the Alps. 11th and 12th centuries the old Roman cities begin to come alive. In late 10th century many new towns sprung up in northern Europe. Relation of cities to surrounding lands? Townspeople purchase charters from the nobility. Advantage for townspeople? For nobility? Cities provided for welfare of its citizens provided some fire protection—fires were common Warehouse of food for “bad times” set standards of weights and measures. Cities provided markets for the estates, but were tied to them because of their need for food. The townspeople get a lot more freedom than estate-bound peasants and artisans. The lords get a lot more income from the free cities as the artisans developed new technologies and trade goods to tax.Cities provided markets for the estates, but were tied to them because of their need for food. The townspeople get a lot more freedom than estate-bound peasants and artisans. The lords get a lot more income from the free cities as the artisans developed new technologies and trade goods to tax.

48. The Growth of Cities European cities were relatively small, especially in the north. London was only 30,000 in 1200. Italian cities were larger, but still only 100,000. Pollution common, because usually no organized system for removing waste. Thus lots of human waste and trash in streets and in rivers.

49. Industry in Medieval Cities Cities became centers for manufacturing. Shoes, cloth, metalwork, leather goods. 12th Century, artisans organize Guilds Advantages and effects of guilds? Guild system: created standards for articles produced specified methods of production fixed price at which they could be sold Regulated membership in the guild. Apprentices. Journeymen. Masterpieces. Guilds centralized powers of merchants. Both a proto-monopoly and trade union.Guilds centralized powers of merchants. Both a proto-monopoly and trade union.

50. CHRISTIANITY AND MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION The Papal Monarchy After 5th C. the Pope was supreme in the Western church. Effect of control of the Papal States? What if the Pope had NOT controlled Papal States? What was the effect of Church officials being involved in the Feudal system as lords and vassals? Spirituality was in many cases an afterthought Papal States gave the Pope power and obligations to use it The Pope might have become a figurehead for whatever local lord happened to rule central Italy. The Church became more temporally and less spiritually focused.Papal States gave the Pope power and obligations to use it The Pope might have become a figurehead for whatever local lord happened to rule central Italy. The Church became more temporally and less spiritually focused.

51. CHRISTIANITY AND MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION Reform of the Papacy 11th C.: the church wanted to be free from interference of lords in the their appointment of church officials. Define: Lay investiture. Gregory VII (1073-1085) Claimed that he was god’s vicar on earth and Pope’s authority extended over all of Christendom, including rulers. Sought to get rid of all lay investitures. Consequence to rulers of opposing the Pope? Rulers who oppose popes could find themselves excommunicated.Rulers who oppose popes could find themselves excommunicated.

52. CHRISTIANITY AND MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATIONInvestiture Controversy Gregory soon in conflict with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. Why does Henry believe he needs lay investiture? Investiture Controversy. Concordat of Worms. Nature of compromise? Henry believes he cannot maintain control of the HRE without this power. Pope chooses bishops, but they pledge loyalty to HenryHenry believes he cannot maintain control of the HRE without this power. Pope chooses bishops, but they pledge loyalty to Henry

53. CHRISTIANITY AND MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION The Church Supreme Pope reached the height of power under Innocent III (1198-1216) Define: Spiritual power vs. temporal power. Which, according to Innocent, is greater? Who does he use it against? Method of exerting power? Define: Interdict. Temporal power means physical, political power. Spiritual power is religious power. According to Innocent, Spiritual power trumps temporal power He uses it against both Henry of England and Philip of France Interdict: suspension of Christian sacraments in an area, endangering the souls of all who are thus forbidden.Temporal power means physical, political power. Spiritual power is religious power. According to Innocent, Spiritual power trumps temporal power He uses it against both Henry of England and Philip of France Interdict: suspension of Christian sacraments in an area, endangering the souls of all who are thus forbidden.

54. CHRISTIANITY AND MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION New Religious Orders Second half of the 11th century a new wave of religious enthusiasm swept through Europe. New religious orders with greater participation. Cistercian Order (founded in 1098). Stricter than the Benedictine. Helped to develop a more activist spiritual model. Franciscan Order founded by Francis of Assisi in 13th century. Believed that church officials should help people experience a more personal religious experience. They lived among the people, preaching and serving them.

55. CHRISTIANITY AND MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION New Religious Orders Dominicans Founded in Spain by Dominic de Guzman in 13th century. Active in defending church from heresy. Took the lead in the Inquisition (The Holy Office). Those who did not confess to heresy were tortured and were turned over to the state for execution if they still did not recant.

56. Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages Baptism and the Eucharist (communion) were seen as essential to salvation. Effect on people? Saints believed to intercede with God. Veneration of Saints Mary to a certain extent deified in the 12th and 13th Centuries. Relics—objects thought to have been used by or once part of saints. Believed could cure and assist in miracles Churches would covet these items. Why? They could be spiritually blackmailed if the sacraments were suspended Relics could bring a lot of trade in the form of pilgrims to a town or region.They could be spiritually blackmailed if the sacraments were suspended Relics could bring a lot of trade in the form of pilgrims to a town or region.

57. THE CULTURAL WORLD The Rise of Universities First Universities in High Middle Ages. Bologna: Roman Law. University of Paris Oxford in London Students formed Guild to protect themselves. Regulated: fees to teacher cost of books, lodging recourse against teachers who didn’t show up. By the end of the Middle Ages, over 80 universities

58. THE CULTURAL WORLD The Rise of Universities Traditional liberal arts curriculum: Trivium: logic, grammar, rhetoric, Quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy. Tests: oral examinations given to graduate. Bachelor’s degree. Master’s degree. Doctoral Study: Law, Medicine or Theology Theology most prestigious field. Advisors to kings and princes increasingly sent or required to get law degree.

59. The Development of Scholasticism (11th C.) Attempt to reconcile faith and reason. Do faith and empirical reason conflict? Heart of Aquinas teachings: God gave man reason and therefore he must have intended man to use it. Implication for study of natural sciences? St. Thomas Aquinas Prompted by the rediscovery of the works of Greeks and Romans via the Muslims. Importance of Aristotle’s works Scientific inquiry cannot itself be heretical.Scientific inquiry cannot itself be heretical.

60. The Byzantine Empire Eastern Roman empire continued and became the Byzantine Empire. The Reign of Justinian (525-565) What does Justinian attempt? Effects? Justinian’s Code Systematized Roman law in an understandable organized code. Foundation for the law of Byzantium until its fall in the 15th century. Basis of University Law degrees. By the end of his reign the eastern empire had too much territory to protect far from home, an empty treasury, a declining population because of Plagues, and new threats on the frontiersBy the end of his reign the eastern empire had too much territory to protect far from home, an empty treasury, a declining population because of Plagues, and new threats on the frontiers

61. Byzantine Empire under Justinian

62. From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire Rise of Islam created a powerful new enemy to its west. 636 lost Syria and Palestine. 679 lost lower Danube valley. 8th C. the Eastern Roman Empire held only the eastern Balkans and Asia Minor. No longer a Mediterranean state Now referred to as the Byzantine empire.

63. Byzantine World-View A Greek and Christian state. Greek became the language of the empire Orthodox church. Emperor was head of the church. Emperor was considered to have been chosen by God. Differences from Western church and implications? The Pope was the head of the Western church. Theis places Empire and Pope in competition for spiritual authority.The Pope was the head of the Western church. Theis places Empire and Pope in competition for spiritual authority.

64. Macedonian Emperors Byzantine Empire recovered and expanded over the next 200 years under Macedonian emperors (867-1081). Retakes Bulgaria, Crete, Cyprus and Syria. By 1025 the Empire was the largest it had been since the beginning of the seventh century. How do Macedonian Emperors foster economic prosperity? by expanding trade relations with western Europe, especially by selling silks and metalwork. by expanding trade relations with western Europe, especially by selling silks and metalwork.

65. Schism Split between Orthodox and Catholic Church. Orthodox church unwilling to accept Pope’s claims to be head of all Christians. 1054: Pope and Orthodox Patriarch excommunicated each other starting a schism that lasts to this day.

66. CrusadesCauses Manzikert, 1071: Seljuk Turks captured much of Asia Minor: effect? Alexius I needs military assistance from Europe, but Europe unwilling because of schism. How do Alexius and the Pope compromise? Benefits for both sides? How does the Pope see the Crusades as defensive? Council of Clermont in southern France—1095 Pope challenged Christians to in a holy war to recover the Holy Land; Promised remission of sins Offer was taken up with enthusiasm, especially by French Knights. Why? He’s pincered between Umayyads in Spain and the Seljuks to the East if the Empire falls. French Knights were running out of land to maintain themselves. Here was an opportunity for more without committing the sin of going to war on fellow Christians.He’s pincered between Umayyads in Spain and the Seljuks to the East if the Empire falls. French Knights were running out of land to maintain themselves. Here was an opportunity for more without committing the sin of going to war on fellow Christians.

67. First Crusade First Crusade dominated by French knights. Why knights joined? Why kings encouraged knights to go? Why merchants were happy? Capture Antioch in 1098. Capture Jerusalem in June 1099 after a 5-week siege and a bloody massacre of civilians. . Most knights joined for glory and land. He Kings were thrilled because the knights would no longer be quarrelling in Europe. The merchants wanted to sell arms and provisions (and open up markets closed by Muslim domination). Most knights joined for glory and land. He Kings were thrilled because the knights would no longer be quarrelling in Europe. The merchants wanted to sell arms and provisions (and open up markets closed by Muslim domination).

68. Crusaders organize four Latin Crusader states—Kingdom of Jerusalem, County of Tripoli, Principality of Antioch, County of Edessa

69. Second and Third Crusades Second Crusade Cause? St. Bernard of Clairvaux. Third Crusade Richard I Lionheart of England; Philip II of France and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa Richard eventually negotiated free access to Jerusalem for Christian pilgrims. 2nd Crusade caused by fall of Kingdom of Edessa2nd Crusade caused by fall of Kingdom of Edessa

70. Fourth Crusade Initiated by Pope Innocent III after death of Saladin. On the way to the Crusades they divert to Byzantium. Why? Crusaders capture Constantinople and proclaim the Empire of Constantinople in 1204. Byzantine army recaptures in 1261, but Empire is reduced to Constantinople, surrounding lands and part of Asia Minor. Constantinople finally falls to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Byzantium is a good target because it is closer, less dangerous, also non-Catholic, and a competitor of the financiers of the 4th Crusade.Byzantium is a good target because it is closer, less dangerous, also non-Catholic, and a competitor of the financiers of the 4th Crusade.

71. Consequences of Crusades Effect on Arabia Crusaders could not hold land United Arabs under Saladin Effect on Europe Political effect of the loss of so many young nobles? Economic effect on the continent? Effect on relations with non-Christians (esp. Jews)? The young nobles no longer destabilized Europe, and may have allowed kings to consolidate their power. Italy becomes the dominant trading region, displacing Greece and the Dardanelles. Triggered widespread fear and distrust between Christians, Jews, and Muslims.The young nobles no longer destabilized Europe, and may have allowed kings to consolidate their power. Italy becomes the dominant trading region, displacing Greece and the Dardanelles. Triggered widespread fear and distrust between Christians, Jews, and Muslims.