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Forever young?

Forever young?. Self-memory biases are impervious to ageing. Mirjam Brady-Van den Bos University of Aberdeen. Self and Memory. Does this trait describe you? Does this trait describe Person X? Memory advantage for information linked to self: Self Reference Effect (SRE). intelligent.

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Forever young?

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  1. Forever young? Self-memory biases are impervious to ageing Mirjam Brady-Van den BosUniversity of Aberdeen

  2. Self and Memory • Does this trait describe you? • Does this trait describe Person X? • Memory advantage for information linked to self: Self Reference Effect (SRE) intelligent reliable

  3. ‘You are what you own’ • Objects used to define, extend or compensate self(Belk, 1988; Beggan, 1991; James, 1890) • Better memory for self-owned objects?

  4. Shopping paradigm(Cunningham, Turk, Macdonald, & Macrae, 2008) Study: 72 self-owned targets, 72 other-owned targets Test: 144 targets + 72 distractors F(1,29) = 8.56, p = .007 Ownership effect: Self > Other

  5. Conway and Dewhurst (1995): ‘self-relevant information is important and needs to be available for recollective experience’ ‘information about others may not be as important’ Remember-Know paradigm (Tulving, 1985) Self-Reference Recollection Effect (SRRE)Conway, Dewhurst, Pearson, & Sapute (2001) Remembering and Knowing

  6. So… would we find the Ownership Effect only in the Remember responses?

  7. Testing older participants (65+) • Episodic memory (esp. recall) declines dramatically (reviews: Glisky, 2007; Kester, Benjamin, Castel, & Craik, 2002; Zacks, Hasher, & Li, 2000) • Certain processes remain relatively unaffected by even advanced ageing • Glisky and Marquine (2009): elaborative processing ‘pure’ self-processing + Self-referencing = Decline esp. in 75+

  8. Ageing Experiment • Subjects: young-old (65-74) and old-old (75+) • Psychometric test: Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)(Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1975) • Shopping paradigm with yes-no, followed by Remember-Know-Guess: • 1: ‘yes’ or ‘no’ • 2: Remember (specific memory, with details) Know (strong feeling of familiarity, no details) Guess

  9. Predictions • Young-Old: ownership effect in R, but not in K • Old-Old: ownership effect in K, but not in R

  10. Young-old participants Ownership effect in R responses F(1,9) = 7.721, p = .021 but not in K responses F(1,9) = 1.385, p = ns

  11. Old-old participants Ownership effect only in K responses F(1,9) = 5.803, p = .039, but not in R responses F(1,9) = 0.225, p = ns

  12. Conclusions • The nature of the Ownership Effect - self affects cognition through indirect ways • Effects based on: 1. elaboration 2. affect, arousal • Self-memory bias preserved with ageing Thank you!

  13. References Beggan, J. K. (1991). Using what you own to get what you need: The role of possessions in satisfying control motivation. [Special Issue]. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 129-146. Beggan, J. K. (1992). On the social nature of nonsocial perception: The mere ownership effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 229-237. Belk, R. W. (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 139-168. Bower, G. H., & Gilligan, S. G. (1979). Remembering information related to one's self. Journal of Research in Personality, 13, 420-432. Conway, M. A.,& Dewhurst, S. A. (1995). The self and recollective experience. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 9, 1-19. Conway, M. A., Dewhurst, S. A., Pearson, N., & Sapute, A. (2001). The self and recollection reconsidered: How a ‘failure to replicate’ failed and why trace strength accounts of recollection are untenable. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 673-686. Cunningham, S. J., Turk, D. J., MacDonald, L. M., & Macrae, C. N. (2008). Yours or Mine? Ownership and memory. Consciousness and Cognition, 17, 312–318. Glisky, E. L., & Marquine, M. J. (2009). Semantic and self-referential processing of positive and negative trait adjectives in older adults. Memory, 17, 144–157. Grady, C. L., & Craik, F. I. M. (2000). Changes in memory processing with age. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 10, 224-231.

  14. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology, Vol 1. New York: Holt. Ferguson, T. J,, Rule, G. R., & Carlson, D. (1983). Memory for personally relevant information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 251-261. Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E., & McHugh, P.R. (1975). Mini-mental state: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198. Klein, S. B., & Kihlstrom, J. E (1986). Elaboration, organization, and the self-reference effect in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 115, 26-38. LeDoux, J. (2003). The emotional brain, fear and the amygdala. Cellular and molecular Neurobiology, 23, 227-238. Naveh-Benjamin, M. (2000). Adult Age Differences in Memory Performance: Tests of an Associative Deficit Hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognilion, 26(5), 1170- 1187. Rogers, T. B., Kuiper, N.A., & Kirker, W.S. (1977). Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 677-688. Symons, C. S., & Johnson, B. T. (1997). The self-reference effect in memory: A meta- analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 371–394. Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology, 25, 1-12.

  15. EXPLICIT SYSTEM INCIDENTAL SYSTEM Explicit self-relevant instruction e.g. ‘are you …?’ Incidental self cuee.g. own name, image, possession Activation of self concept COMPARABLE NON-SELF PROCESSES COMPARABLE NON-SELF PROCESSES cue of threat / danger stereotype activated during encoding Conscious evaluations of self Attention capture Affective response / arousal deep processing with organisational strategy cue of action required Enriched encoding Increased recollective experience Model of Self-Referential Cognition automatic elaboration organization (Remember)

  16. EXPLICIT SYSTEM INCIDENTAL SYSTEM Explicit self-relevant instruction e.g. ‘are you …?’ Incidental self cuee.g. own name, image, possession Activation of self concept COMPARABLE NON-SELF PROCESSES COMPARABLE NON-SELF PROCESSES cue of threat / danger stereotype activated during encoding Conscious evaluations of self Attention capture Affective response / arousal deep processing with organisational strategy cue of action required Enriched encoding Increased recollective experience Model of Self-Referential Cognition Not automatic ??? elaboration organization (Remember)

  17. EXPLICIT SYSTEM INCIDENTAL SYSTEM Explicit self-relevant instruction e.g. ‘are you …?’ Incidental self cuee.g. own name, image, possession Activation of self concept COMPARABLE NON-SELF PROCESSES COMPARABLE NON-SELF PROCESSES cue of threat / danger stereotype activated during encoding Conscious evaluations of self Attention capture Affective response / arousal deep processing with organisational strategy cue of action required Enriched encoding Increased recollective experience Model of Self-Referential Cognition – Older Participants Preserved Impaired elaboration organization If no elaboration, then Ownership effect in Know responses? Increased feelings of familiarity (Know) (Remember)

  18. Outline • Self-reference effect • Creating self-effects with less explicit methods: Shopping Paradigm • Experiment with older (65+) adults • Conclusion

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