Chapter 6

1. An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein Chapter 6 Religion PPT by Abe Goldman

4. I. Universalizing religions A. Christianity B. Islam C. Buddhism D. Sikhism II. Ethnic religions A. Judaism B. Hinduism C. Other ethnic religions Key Issue 1: Where are religions distributed?

6. Christianity • Began with the life of Jesus, a Jew living in Israel during Roman occupation (first century) • Book: New Testament of the Bible • 3 Main Branches • Roman Catholic • Eastern Orthodox • Protestant • Hundreds of Denominations • Thousands of Sects

8. Roman Catholicism • HQ: Vatican City in Rome, Italy • Head of the Church – the Pope • Began… depends on who you talk to or what you read • According to the Church, began when Jesus named Peter the first Bishop

9. Write a summarizing statement of where Catholics are distributed on earth.

10. Eastern Orthodox Church • HQ • Officially, there is no one location. Each autocephaly, or denomination, has its own • Greek Orthodox – Athens • Polish Orthodox – Warsaw • Russian Orthodox – Moscow • Constantinople, Turkey is considered the historical HQ • Head of the Church – no official leader • each autocephaly has a Bishop • Patriarch of Constantinople is considered to be “first among equals” and spiritual head, but has no real authority to lead • claims to be the “true” link to Jesus and that the Roman Catholics deviated from original teachings • Thus the term “orthodox”

11. Write a summarizing statement of where orthodoxy is distributed on earth.

12. St. Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow, Russia Built in 1500s by Ivan the Terrible to commemorate the conquest of the Khanate of Kazan

13. Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, Turkey Originally, the HQ of the Eastern Orthodox Church Now, a mosque in Istanbul

14. St. Catherine’s Monastery on Mount Sinai Peninsula, Egypt

15. Protestantism • Term basically refers to those religions that evolved out of the Protestant Reformation in 16th cen Europe • Think “protest” b/c these groups were protesting the Roman Catholic Church. • Major figures: • Martin Luther • John Calvin • Traditional Denominations • Lutheranism • Calvinism (Dutch Reform, Presbyterianism) • Methodism • Baptists • Seven-Day Adventist • Anglican, (Episcopalian in the US) ** Protestantism in Europe

16. Yes, write a summarizing statement of where Protestantism (orange color) is distributed on earth.

17. Islam • HQ – Mecca, Saudi Arabia • Head of the Church – none • Very decentralized • Holy book: The Qur’an (Koran) • Each imam / cleric has authority to interpret the Qur'an • Began – 600s with the teachings / leadership of Muhammad

18. Islam • Monotheistic • 5 Pillars of Islam…

19. 2 Branches of Islam: • 1. Sunni –83% • 2. Shi’a (or Shiite) -16% -clustered in Iran • The split happened after the death of Muhammad and who would become the caliph (leader)

20. Masjid al-Haram in Mecca Ka’ba – the cube-like structure at the center of the mosque; contains a black stone given to Abraham by Gabriel as a sign of the covenant with Ishmael and the Muslim people. Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina

21. National Mosque in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia The Great Mosque of Djenné in Mali

22. Entrance to Al Kadhimain Mosque in Baghdad, Iraq Close up of tile design

23. Yes, write another statement describing where Islam is prevalent on Earth.

24. Buddhism • HQ - none • Head of Church - none • Began • Siddhartha Gautama (6th or 5th century BCE) • Major divisions • Mahayana – 56%, China, Japan, Korea • Tantrayana – 6%, Tibet, Mongolia • Theravada – 38%, SE Asia, Sri Lanka

25. Where Theravada Buddhism is dominant.  Where Mahayana Buddhism is dominant. 

26. Four Noble Truths • All living beings must suffer • Suffering is caused by desire • Goal is to escape suffering • Nirvana (enlightenment) is attained through an Eightfold Path • Rightness of belief, resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought, and meditation • Following the Eightfold Path leads to good Karma

27. Sikhism • Monotheistic • Founded in Northern India 16th Century by Guru Nanak • Ideals based on 10 Gurus’ teachings • 20 million followers worldwide

28. Sikh beliefs • All humans have equal status under God • Focus on good deeds not rituals • Holy writings: Guru Granth Sahib , which is a collection of teachings from all 10 Gurus.

29. 5 K’s of Sikhism Kesh: uncut hair as a mark of holiness and submission to God's will Kangha: a small wooden comb in the hair as a sign of cleanliness Kara: a steel bracelet, a reminder that they are connected to God Kachhera: short cotton underwear, more practical for daily life than the traditional dhoti worn in India Kirpaan: a sword, for protection.

30. World Distribution of Religions Fig. 6-1: World religions by continent.

31. What is the connection b/t the dominant religion and colonization? How is migration influencing what religion is dominant in a region? Although the U.S. is majority Protestant, are parts of the U.S. Catholic? Which parts and why?

32. What explains the % of non-religious?

34. Christian Branches in the U.S. The Bible Belt

35. Ethnic Religions • Characteristics: • Tied to ethnicity of group • Often tied to physical environment and forces of nature • Often clustered in specific regions, typically hearth • Examples: • Hinduism • Confucianism • Daoism (Taoism) • Shintoism • Judaism • Animistic Religions • Indigenous religions • Chinese Folk religion • Shamanism

36. Hinduism • Largest ethnic religion • 97% in India (they make up 80% of Indian population • Clustered • No single holy book • Vedas (oldest of the Hindu scriptures) are widely accepted • Bhagavad Gita is viewed as a summary of beliefs • No one method of practice or belief Individualized • Origin: unknown, diffused with Aryan invaders, combined with local religions. • Path you choose is correct as long as it is in harmony w/ your true nature • As a result: autonomous religion – a religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally

38. Is Hinduism monotheistic or polytheistic?

39. Hinduism • So, what does the average Hindu believe? • 70% worship Vishnu • 25% worship Shiva • Other important deities • Krishna • Ganesha • General Beliefs • Dharma • Ethics/duties • Karma • actions • Yogas • Paths/practices • Reincarnation Seated Shiva with Mt. Kailash in background – Bangalore, India

40. RED= Hinduism Hinduism is concentrated in South Asia

41. Confucianism • Is this technically a religion? Or a philosophy? • Based on teachings of Confucius (551 – 479 BC) in China • Emphasized Chinese tradition of “li” • Propriety or correct behavior • Considered an ethnic religion b/c rooted in traditional Chinese values • Along with Taoism and Buddhism, is one of China’s “Three Teachings”

42. Shintoism • Distinctive ethnic religion of Japan • Consider forces of nature to be divine • Sun • Moon • Rivers • Mountains

43. Judaism • The first of the monotheistic religions (belief in one god) • Has more recognition in Western civilization because • other 2 “Abrahamic” religions are rooted in Judaism • Persecution of Jews throughout history, especially: • Jewish pogroms (organized persecution) in Russia • Holocaust of World War II

46. Partner up with someone RIGHT NEXT to you. Move desks together. • Sort the cards into the 6 main religions on earth. • each religion has 5 picture cards

47. Key Issue 2: Why do religions have different distributions? • I. Origin of religions • A. Origin of universalizing religions • B. Origin of Hinduism • II.Diffusion of religions • A. Diffusion of universalizing religions • B. Lack of diffusion of ethnic religion III. Calendars, Holy Sites and Cosmogony

48. Diffusion of Universalizing Religions Please draw these arrows on to your map. Include a key! Which universalizing religion is still dominant in its hearth? * * * * * * * Fig. 6-4: Each of the three main universalizing religions diffused widely from its hearth.

49. Types of Diffusion • Relocation diffusion: the spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another • Expansion diffusion: the spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process • Hierarchical diffusion: the spread of a feature or trend from one key person (ruler; king; etc) or node of authority or power to other persons or places • Contagious diffusion: the rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population

50. Diffusion of Christianity • Types of Diffusion • 1st: Relocation • Paul of Tarsus • Missionaries • Expansion • - 2nd: Hierarchical • Adoption by Roman Empire and later kings in Europe • 3rd: Contagious • Conversions through contact • Schools and Trade Fig. 6-5: Christianity diffused from Palestine through the Roman Empire and continued diffusing through Europe after the fall of Rome. It was later replaced by Islam in much of the Mideast and North Africa.