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What are chromosomes made of?

What are chromosomes made of?. DNA. Deoxyribonucleic Acid. DNA. A type of Nucleic Acid Genetic material in chromosomes. Monomer made of: Phosphate Sugar ( Deoxyribose ) Nitrogen Base Monomer= Nucleotide. DNA: Nitrogen Bases. Nitrogen Bases are the “steps” of the DNA “Ladder”

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What are chromosomes made of?

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  1. What are chromosomes made of?

  2. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid

  3. DNA • A type of Nucleic Acid • Genetic material in chromosomes. • Monomer made of: • Phosphate • Sugar (Deoxyribose) • Nitrogen Base • Monomer= Nucleotide

  4. DNA: Nitrogen Bases • Nitrogen Bases are the “steps” of the DNA “Ladder” • Adenine == Thymine (A-T) • Cytosine == Guanine (C-G) • Held together by Hydrogen Bonds

  5. DNA: You Try

  6. DNA: History • 1950’s Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkens • Xray photography • Spiral structure

  7. DNA: History • 1950’s Watson & Crick • DNA consists of a double helix. • Two strands that are complements of each other. • Heredity is based on this chemical molecule!

  8. The Functions of DNA • Replication • Occurs during interphase. • Split your model and make two replicated strands!

  9. The Language of DNA • Sets of 3 nitrogen bases is a “word” called a codon. • Each segment of DNA that makes a protein is called a gene. ATCCGTACTAACGTACATTGC C0D0N GENE

  10. The Functions of DNA • Protein Synthesis • One gene codes for one protein DNA --> mRNA --> Protein TranscriptionTranslation

  11. How Proteins are Made • DNA can not leave the nucleus. • Messenger is needed to carry the information to the ribosome where the proteins are made.

  12. Ribonucleic Acid • A nucleic acid. • Single strand • Sugar = Ribose • Nitrogen bases: Cytosine == Guanine Adenine == Uracil • Types • mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

  13. Transcription • The synthesis of mRNA using DNA as the template. • DNA = T T C A T C • mRNA= A A G U A G

  14. Transcription Please turn to page 209 in the blue book and record the steps from the picture in your notes.

  15. How to Read a Codon Sheet Stop Codon Stop Start Codon

  16. Translation: Let’s Try! • The process of building a protein at a ribosome where the mRNA determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein. • mRNA= A A G U A G • Amino Acids/Codons= Lysine, Stop Codon

  17. Translation

  18. Translation Animation http://www.concord.org/~btinker/workbench_web/models/DNAmsgON.swf

  19. Translation • The ribosome reads the mRNA sequence and translates it into the amino acid sequence of the protein. • The ribosome starts at the sequence AUG, then reads three nucleotides at a time. • Each 3 nucleotide codon specifies a particular amino acid. • The stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) tell the ribosome that the protein is complete.

  20. (Nucleus)

  21. Mutations Mutation: Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

  22. Mutation Types Point Mutation (Base Substitution) Replacement of one nitrogen base for another.

  23. Mutation Types Silent Mutation: The change in the nitrogen base makes no difference in the coded amino acid.

  24. Mutation Example • Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle cell anemia is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States. • SCA is genetic disease caused by a point mutation in the hemoglobin beta gene.

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