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PRONUNCIATION

PRONUNCIATION. OF THE ENDING – ED. -ED as a Verbal Ending. The ending – ed of the past tense and the past participle of verbs is pronounced:. -ED as a Verbal Ending. /Id/ after d and t : add - added lift - lifted end -ended rest - rested defend - defended wait - waited

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PRONUNCIATION

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  1. PRONUNCIATION OF THE ENDING – ED

  2. -ED as a Verbal Ending • The ending –ed of the past tense and the past participle of verbs is pronounced:

  3. -ED as a Verbal Ending • /Id/ after d and t: add - added lift - lifted end -ended rest - rested defend - defended wait - waited pretend - pretended

  4. -ED as a Verbal Ending • /t/ after voiceless sounds other than t: /p/ - dropped, shaped, sipped, wrapped /k/ - dropped, locked, marked, wrecked /f/ - coughed, laughed, photographed, puffed /θ/ - bathed, toothed /s/ - danced, placed, kissed, missed /∫/ - brushed, flashed, rushed, wished /t∫/ - pinched, reached, touched, watched

  5. -ED as a Verbal Ending • /d/ after voiced sounds other than d: /i: / - keyed, guaranteed /I/ - pitied, envied, worried, carried /ɑ:/ - barred, scarred /ɜ:/ - preferred, referred, /ə/ answered, bothered, gathered /eI/- stayed, delayed, played, weighed

  6. -ED as a Verbal Ending • /d/ after voiced sounds other than d: /b/ - disturbed, robbed, grabbed /g/ - begged, dragged /m/ - aimed, seemed /ð/ - clothed, bathed, mouthed /z/ - dazed, pleased, caused /l/ - called, killed, rolled, boiled, mailed

  7. -ED as an Adjectival Ending • the past participles of some verbs are used as adjectives. Then, a second syllable is added even if the base form does not end in a /t/ or /d/ sound, and the "-ed" ending will be pronounced as /id/.

  8. -ED as an Adjectival Ending • The following -ed words used as adjectives are pronounced with /Id/: aged blessed crooked dogged learned naked ragged wicked wretched

  9. -ED as an Adjectival Ending • So we say: the aged man /Id/ a blessed nuisance /Id/ a dogged persistence /Id/ a learned professor - the professor, who was truly learned /Id/ a wretched beggar - the beggar was wretched /Id/

  10. -ED as an Adjectival Ending • But when used as real verbs (past simple and past participle), the normal rules apply and we say: he aged quickly /d/ he blessed me /t/ they dogged him /d/ he has learned well /d/ or /t/

  11. -ED as an Adjectival Ending • The exceptions doesn't apply to teaching pronunciation of English past tense verbs, just past participles when they are used as adjectives.

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