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WWI

WWI. The Great War OR The War to End All Wars. Problems in Europe Nationalism Pan-German Movement Unite all German speaking peoples Pan-Slavic Movement Unite all Slavs Conflict – Slavs in Austro-Hungarian Emp. Territorial Rivalry Want neighboring territories. Militarism

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WWI

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  1. WWI The Great War OR The War to End All Wars

  2. Problems in Europe Nationalism Pan-German Movement Unite all German speaking peoples Pan-Slavic Movement Unite all Slavs Conflict – Slavs in Austro-Hungarian Emp. Territorial Rivalry Want neighboring territories Militarism Glorification of armed strength Threat of neighbors Arms race Alliances Strengthened military positions Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente Britain, France, Russia The Origins of the War

  3. The Eve of War • Alliances • balance of power • minor incident = war • Balkans • Powder Keg of Europe • Archduke Franz Ferdinand • June 1914 • Sarajevo on visit • Gavrilo Princip • Serbian Nationalist

  4. Austria Believed Serbia knew of Princip’s plans Declares War on Serbia Russia War on Austria Germany War on Serbia France and Britain War on Germany 30 Nations Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire Allied Powers Serbia, Russia, Britain, France War in Europe Breaks Out

  5. The Early Weeks of War • German plans for swift victory • March through Belgium (neutral) • invade France before Britain move forces across channel • Focus on Russia • August 3, 1914 • Plan into action, but met opposition…

  6. Belgian resistance Fierce 3 Weeks to cross France General Joffre - troops to Belgian border Britain Moved 90,000 troops to France Slowed Germans, not stop Pushed allies back to Marne River Allies stopped September 1914 First Battle of Marne Stalemate Neither side advanced 1915 400 mile long front North Sea – Switz. Germans slowed down

  7. Stalemate? • Trench warfare • 2 trenches separated by no-man’s land • Artillery fire, smoke and dust, one army charges the other, get through no-man’s land (barbed wire and land-mines), cut down by bullets • Life in the trenches • Rats, lice, flood from rain, disease, dead • Machine gun, tank, poison gas • Massive Casualties

  8. Primary Source – Trench Warfare • Turn to page 613 in your textbook and read the Using Primary Sources excerpt. • Answer the question: What point is Remarque trying to make about trench warfare? Prove your point with examples from the text.

  9. American Neutrality • Policy of Neutrality • Wilson • “Neutral in fact as well as in name…impartial in thought as well as action.” • About 30% of Americans connected to Central Powers • Others bound to Britain and France

  10. Difficulties in American Neutrality • GB blockade of N. Sea • U-boat warfare • Any ship within an established “war zone” subject to attack • Lusitania • U-boat torpedoed British ship, killing 128 Americans • Americans outraged, calling Germans savages • Germans had “warned” and suspected arms aboard

  11. Challenge to American Neutrality • More Americans die in U-Boat attacks • War loans, Arms sales up (to Allies) • National Defense Act • Increase soldiers in army and National Guard • Navy (later) • Diplomatic relations severed w/ Germany • Increased U-boat attacks • Amer. merchant ships armed • 5 American ships sunk

  12. The Last Straw • Cable • From A. Zimmerman to German Minister in MX • IF US declares war on Germany, encourage MX to attack US • Germany to support MX • Reclaim MX cession • Cable intercepted • US “slightly upset” • Reluctant to declare war • Zimmerman Note

  13. Declaration of War • Wilson asks Congress to declare war • April 1917 • Crusade – better world • “World safe for democracy” • Vote in Congress not unanimous

  14. Primary Source – Declaration of War • Read the excerpts from Wilson’s war address to Congress handout. • Answer the following question: How would Jeannette Rankin (see 594-595) respond to Wilson’s war address? Be specific to the points Wilson raises in each paragraph and provide examples to support Rankin’s arguments.

  15. Mobilizing America • Selective Service Act • 21-30 Register (later 18-45) • 24 million registered, 2.8 drafted • Served in segregated units • Faced harsh discrimination • Doughboys • Many overweight, illiterate, ignorant of war aims, unprepared

  16. Mobilizing America - Economy • War bonds • Tax increases • War Industries Board • Coordinate gov’t, industry, business • Conservation • Wheatless / Meatless / Heatless • Victory gardens • Industry • Set production goals, prices, output, materials

  17. Mobilizing America - Labor • 1917 – 4,500 labor strikes • Improved conditions • National War Labor Board (NWLB) • April 1918 • Arbitrated disputes – often pro-labor • Unions grow • Women laborers grow • 1.5 million • Great Migration • 200,000 – 550,000 A.A. move north

  18. Mobilizing America – Attitudes • Committee on Public Information (CPI) • Sell the War to America • Censorship of bad war news • Anti-German • Hollywood helps • “Spies” • Sauerkraut = “Liberty Cabbage” • Lynching of GR-Americans unpunished/unpublished

  19. Mobilizing America - Dissent • Espionage Act (1917) Sedition Act (1918) • Outlawed • Acts of treason • Saying, printing or publishing “disloyal or abusive language” • Criticizing govt., the flag or military • Opposition to war-bonds, arms industry • <1000 convicted, including a Congressman (20 years in prison)

  20. 1 3 2 • Answer the following question: • In what ways is each poster trying to mobilize Americans? Use specific references from each poster to answer the question

  21. America Enters the War • June 1917 • Amer. troops in Europe • France • General Pershing • Atlantic • North Atlantic • Convoy system • Merchant vessels escorted by warships • Troops, supplies, volunteers • West Atlantic • Laid 70,000 mines • North Sea, Norway to Britain

  22. Western Front

  23. Eastern Front

  24. Belgium (August 4, 1914) Guatemala (April 23, 1918) Panama (April 7, 1917) Brazil (October 26, 1917) Haiti (July 12, 1918) Portugal (April 7, 1917) British Empire (August 4, 1914) Honduras (July 19, 1918) Romania (August 27, 1916) China (August 14, 1917) Italy (May 23, 1915) Russia (August 1, 1914) Costa Rica (May 23, 1918) Japan (August 23, 1914) San Marino (June 3, 1915) Cuba (April 7, 1917) Liberia (August 4, 1917) Serbia (July 28, 1914) France (August 3, 1914) Montenegro (August 5, 1914) Siam (July 22, 1917) Greece (July 2, 1917) Nicaragua (May 8, 1918) United States (April 6, 1917) Participants - Allies

  25. Austria-Hungary (July 28, 1914) Germany (August 1, 1914) Bulgaria (October 14, 1915) Ottoman Empire (October 31, 1914) Participants – Central Powers

  26. Eastern Front Russian Revolution March 1917 Overthrow Czars November 1917 Bolsheviks seize power Bolsheviks Oppose war Lenin – signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Devastating consequences Western Front Germany Moves all troops March 1918 “Do-or-die” offensive Allies back to Marne river, 50 mi – Paris Allies Pershing’s troops join unified allied army – Foch (F) Germans stopped Chateau-Thierry The End of the War

  27. Allied Victory • Germans • Final assault around Reims • Allies hold, Foch counter attacks • Late summer 1918 • Foch – orders major offensive – entire western front • 4 pronged attack • Central powers begin to fall apart • Morale problems, mutinies, riots at home • Wilhelm II – flees, German gov’t agrees to a cease-fire (armistice)

  28. Armistice • Compiegne, France • Allied headquarters • Terms • Evacuate France, Belgium, Lux., Alsace-Lorraine • Surrender war materials, navy • Allies occupy Rhine • 11am, on 11/11/1918 • Armistice reached, terms of permanent peace yet to come…

  29. Wilson and His 14 Points • Wilson’s plan for lasting world peace • 9 points deal w/ self-determination • Other points on causes of modern war • Secret diplomacy, arms race, freedom of seas, trade barriers • Final point • League of Nations

  30. Paris Peace Conference • Backdrop • Fighting – C/E Europe • Big Four • Orlando (I), Clemenceau (F), Lloyd-George (GB), Wilson (US) • Each had own agenda • Reparations vs. 14 pts • Wilson “gave in” • League formed

  31. Treaty of Versailles • June 28, 1919 • Terms and Conditions • German colonies and Ottoman Empire – divided among allies • New nations – CZ, YU, Finland, Baltic, PL • Loses Alsace-Lorraine, Saar (15 yrs) • Pays 33 Billion in reparations • League of Nations • US does not join

  32. Impact of War • 8.5 million die in battle • 21 million wounded • Influenza outbreak (1918-1919) • 27 million die • Europe in ruins • Rampant inflation • Food shortages • Middle East • Hoped for freedom, ruled by GB and F • Balfour Declaration –1917, GB support Israel

  33. And Now…The Roaring 20’s… • Next time…for now, you need to get ready for an exam on 3/25-26.

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