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Memory

Memory. Memory. The ability of the mind or of an individual or organism to retain learned information and knowledge of past events and experiences and to retrieve it. Organization of experience….what would you do without it?. Outline. Types of Memory Memory Processes Forgetting

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Memory

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  1. Memory

  2. Memory The ability of the mind or of an individual or organism to retain learned information and knowledge of past events and experiences and to retrieve it Organization of experience….what would you do without it?

  3. Outline • Types of Memory • Memory Processes • Forgetting • Memory Distortions • Memory Disorders • Memory in the brain

  4. Types of Memory • working (short-term) vs. long-term • episodic vs. generic • explicit vs. implicit (how to become famous overnight, Jacoby) • procedural (riding a bike) vs. declarative (Lance…)

  5. Types of Memory Working memory: The “magic number” for digit span, and more. Sets a limit on performance, good thing? “loading platform” for long term memory

  6. 149162536496481

  7. Memory Processes • How do memories get from “loading platform” to long term? • Then, how do they get back?

  8. Memory Processes Encoding & Storage: • time spent in working memory? rehearsal? • attention and engagement • connection to what we already know • depth of processing (typeface vs. meaning)

  9. 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 ta-da!

  10. Memory Processes Retrieval: • memory cues & context (Charlie Chaplain and the scuba divers) • depth of processing, easier to find • retrieval failure or memory loss? Or forgetting vs. misplacement? Seventh grade classmates…

  11. Forgetting We are forgetting all the time. Decay-- metabolic processes wear down “memory traces” Displacement-- awake vs. asleep during recall interval, interference

  12. Memory Distortions • Errors of commission as opposed to errors of omission-- unwittingly reconstruct an event based on what we think and know • Schemas and scripts (professor’s office) • Elizabeth Loftus, studies of eyewitness testimony • “Recovered” memories and controversy Do distortions replace real memories, or just interfere with recall?

  13. Memory Disorders Two main types of Amenesia: • Anterograde (“forward”) Amnesia • Retrograde (“backwards”) Amnesia

  14. Memory Disorders Anterograde Amnesia • problem: forming new memories post-injury/operation • Korsikoff’s Syndrome (chronic alcoholics), Alzheimer’s, patients like H.M. with hippocampal/thalamus damage • can read, write, converse, remember life until damage was done

  15. H.M.: • “Right now, I’m wondering, Have I done or said anything amiss? You see, at this moment everything lookds clear to me, but what happened just before? That’s what worries me. It’s like waking from a drea; I just don’t remember.” • “…Every day is alone in itself, whatever enjoyment I’ve had, and whatever sorrow I’ve had.”

  16. Memory Disorders Retrograde Amnesia: • problem: loss of memory for some period before brain injury • ECT and head traumas • “trace consolidation theory” -- memory hasn’t had time to become firmly established, but... several years? • sometimes memories do come back gradually

  17. Memory Disorders What amnesiacs can do: • procedural memory tasks (mirror tracing) • implicit memory tasks ( _L_P_A_T) • behavioral conditioning

  18. Memory in the Brain Important brain areas: • Pre-frontal cortex--retrieval & working memory • Hippocampus & other parts of Thalamus--long-term memories • Amygdala--emotional events, fear conditioning • Occipital & Temporal Lobes--visual memories

  19. HIPPOCAMPUS

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