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Earthworm Dissection Lab - Post-Dissection Questions and DNA Structure Review

This lab packet includes post-dissection questions for reviewing the major structures and functions of each human body organ system. It also provides a review of DNA structure and function.

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Earthworm Dissection Lab - Post-Dissection Questions and DNA Structure Review

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  1. Answer: • Take out Earthworm Dissection lab packets and flip to Page 7 • Complete post-dissection questions. Use Background section and procedural steps to help you! • Objective: • I can identify the major structures and functions of each human body organ system. • I can refresh my ability to describe the structure and function of DNA. Warm-Up:Monday 9/10/18

  2. Homework Finish Homeostasis lab report – Due tomorrow, Tuesday 9/11 by START OF CLASS Finish post-dissection q’s – Due Wed. 9/12 Unit 1 Exam will be Tues. 9/18 Agenda Post-dissection q’s Poster gallery walk DNA notes Warm-Up: Monday 9/10/18

  3. Characteristics of life Directional terms (see summer HW) All vocab terms on A&P Newsletter 1 The main function of each organ system Homeostasis & positive/negative feedback DNA structure/function Methods of DNA analysis Major Topics to Study for Unit Exam (You are responsible for anything we covered this unit, but these topics may guide your areas of emphasis)

  4. Answer: • John has been suffering agonizing pain with each breath and has been informed by the physician that he has pleurisy. • Specifically, what membranes are involved in this condition? • What is their usual role in the human body? • Theorize as to why John’s condition is so painful. • Objective: • I can refresh my ability to describe the structure and function of DNA. Warm-Up:Tuesday 9/11/18

  5. Homework Finish post-dissection q’s – Due tomorrow, Wed. 9/12 at start of class Unit 1 Exam will be Tues. 9/18 Agenda Seats… Prefixes/Suffixes/Roots: The Language of Medicine DNA notes Warm-Up: Tuesday 9/11/18

  6. Characteristics of life Directional terms (see summer HW) All vocab terms on A&P Newsletter 1 The main function of each organ system Homeostasis & positive/negative feedback DNA structure/function Methods of DNA analysis Major Topics to Study for Unit Exam (You are responsible for anything we covered this unit, but these topics may guide your areas of emphasis)

  7. Except for identical twins, no two people on earth have the same DNA. • DNA evidence from a crime scene can be used to to link a suspect to a crime or eliminate a suspect through a process called DNA fingerprinting. • In fingerprinting, DNA can be extracted from relatively small amounts of biological evidence and used to determine identity or parentage. Intro to DNAEvidence

  8. Function: • Bluprintof life that stores genetic information • Holds all of the information and instructions needed for a cell to replicate and makeproteins. • Structure: Double • helical, comprised • of two strands • lightly coiled • around histone • protein molecules • (AKA, chromatin). DNA (DeoxyriboNucleicAcid)

  9. 23 pairs of chromosomes in thenucleus of mosthuman cells. One chromosome in eachpair is inherited from the mother,the other fram thefather. DNA backbone: Alternating sugar and phosphate molecules. Ladder rungs: Comprisedof pairs of nitrogenous bases. There are four bases: A (adenine), C (cytosine), G (guanine), T(thymine). DNA Structure

  10. A binds only with T C bindsonly withG SoifyouhaveaDNAstrandofCGTCTAthen... DNA Structure

  11. The total amount of DNA in a cell (bothnuclear andmitochondrial) • Nuclear: DNA found inchromosomes, inherited from bothparents. • Mitochondrial (mtDNA):DNA found in the cell’s mitochondria, only inherited from mother. Contains 37 genes, all necessary for normal mitochondrial function. What isa genome?

  12. Answer: • Take out a separate sheet of paper. • Without using notes, draw/write as much as you recall about DNA structure and function! • Objective: • I can describe each of the methods of forensic DNA analysis and use them to analyze case studies. Warm-Up:Wednesday 9/12/18

  13. Homework Study for Unit 1 Exam - Will be Tues. 9/18 Agenda REMINDER: Office hrs today!! Notes: DNA analysis DNA profiling practice WS Warm-Up: Wed. 9/12/18

  14. Characteristics of life Directional terms (see summer HW) All vocab terms on A&P Newsletter 1 The main function of each organ system Homeostasis & positive/negative feedback DNA structure/function Methods of DNA analysis Major Topics to Study for Unit Exam (You are responsible for anything we covered this unit, but these topics may guide your areas of emphasis)

  15. Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) - Within the noncoding sections of DNA (Junk DNA), certain short sequences of DNA are repeated multiple times. The number of copies of the same repeated base sequence varies from one person to another. The length of a VNTRcan be from 6to 100 base repeats in length. What part of the DNA do weuse for analysis?

  16. Short tandem repeat (STR) - A short sequence of DNA, usually only two to five base pairs in length within the noncoding DNA. The use of STRs is becoming the preferred method analysis because of its accuracy and because small and partially degrading DNA samples can still be analyzed to identify anindividual. What part of the DNA do weuse for analysis?

  17. Because of the great variability of VNTRs and STRs in the genome, a DNA profile (or DNA fingerprint) of a person can be developed when several different VNTRs and STRs are examined. DNA Profile: An Overview

  18. A DNA Profile is created fortwo different purposes: Tissue matching - two samples with the same band pattern come from the sameperson. Inheritance matching - Each band in the DNA pattern must be present in one or the other parent. Why are DNA Profiles Created?

  19. When the amount of evidence left at a crime scene is very small, it will mostly be completely consumed during forensic testing. The use of polymerase chain reaction technique helps resolve this problem by generating multiple (billions) of identical copies from trace amounts of original DNAevidence. What is a Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)?

  20. The process of mixing the DNA with special enzymes that cut DNA in specific places so they seperate within a gel to form different-sizedband patterns. What isElectrophoresis?

  21. Extract and isolateDNA • Use a restriction enzyme to cut the DNAat specificlocations. • Amplifyusing PCR ifneeded • Load into gel and pass an electric current through the DNA causing the DNA fragments to move towards the positve end of thegel. At the end of this process the DNA fragments will be separated by size, with the smallest DNA fragments moving the fastest through thegel. Steps ofElectrophoresis

  22. When electrophoresis is complete the fragments are then transferred to a membrane in aprocess called Southern blotting. A radioactive probe is then placed in the membrane to bind with the fragments and the membrane is placed under ultraviolet light to beanalyzed. SouthernBlotting

  23. When analysis is complete X-ray film is placed over the membrane to take a picture. The exposed film is called anautoradiograph. Autoradiograph

  24. A samplesfrom SUS ct SIJSl)eC 1 2 Mary Bob SUSP!,?Ct 3 Ch.lld - -- - -- Figurea - -

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