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SNOLAB Experimental Advisory Committee

SNOLAB is a new underground science facility being developed near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. This workshop presents the opportunity for scientists to stage experiments at SNOLAB, benefiting from its unique depth and laboratory cleanliness conditions. Explore scientific motivations, underground laboratories, and various experiments at this workshop.

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SNOLAB Experimental Advisory Committee

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  1. SNOLAB Experimental Advisory Committee Barry Barish SNOLAB Workshop May 12-14, 2004

  2. A New Opportunity To: The Scientific Community Re: A Request for Letters of Interest in Staging Experiments at SNOLAB Dear Colleagues, SNOLAB, an international facility for underground science, is being developed 2 km underground in INCO's Creighton mine near Sudbury Ontario, Canada. Establishing this facility provides us with new and exciting opportunities in underground science and we look forward to working with you to make SNOLAB a success. SNOLAB Workshop

  3. A New Opportunity The development of this underground facility and its associated surface facilities is funded by ~$50M from various resources in Canada and in the Province of Ontario. SNOLAB will be developed near the existing SNO experiment with a joint clean area encompassing the full facility. The establishment of SNOLAB will provide opportunities to carry out the best of the next generation of international underground experiments that will benefit from the depth and from laboratory cleanliness conditions similar to those demonstrated in the existing SNO laboratory. The 6000 meter-water-equivalent depth under a flat overburden results in excellent shielding from cosmic radiation and its progenies. SNOLAB will have the lowest muon flux among operating facilities. SNOLAB Workshop

  4. 2000 m rock overburden • Almost flat surface • Surface support facilities • Vertical access • Main cavity ~10,000m3 SNO Laboratory Solar neutrino oscillation ! SNOLAB Workshop

  5. SNOLAB Concept Rectangular Hall 60x50x50 ft Phase 2 Cryogenic Hall Ladder Labs -- Machine shop, Low background SNO cavity New Experiment? SNOLAB Workshop

  6. Why New Labs Deep Underground? • A clean, quiet and isolated setting is needed to study rare phenomena free from environmental background. Such a setting can be obtained only deep underground, where we can escape the rain of cosmic rays from outer space. • Why do neutrinos have tiny masses and how do they transform into one another? • Are the existence and stability of ordinary matter related to neutrino properties? • Are there additional types of neutrinos? • What is the mysterious dark matter and how much of it is neutrinos? • What role do neutrinos play in the synthesis of the elements in the periodic table? • Is there a deeper simplicity underlying the forces and particles we see? SNOLAB Workshop

  7. Underground Laboratories Variation of the flux of cosmic-ray muons with overburden. SNOLAB Workshop

  8. Scientific Motivation • Neutrino Properties • Solar Neutrinos • Long Baseline Experiments • Double Beta Decay • Dark Matter • Proton Decay • Neutrinos, Solar Energy, and the Formation of the Elements SNOLAB Workshop

  9. One Depth Suits All? • Cosmic rays create background events that mask the critical events being searched for. • It takes two miles of rock to absorb the most energetic of the muons created by cosmic ray protons striking the earth's atmosphere • At such great depths, the only backgrounds are made by neutrinos (which easily penetrate the whole earth but, by the same token, interact very seldom) and by local radioactivity in the rock itself • Some experiments do not require the greatest depths, while for other experiments there is no option but depth and extreme cleanliness. • The SNOLAB facility will provide new opportunities at deep depths and we seek a scientific program to take advantage of that unique feature SNOLAB Workshop

  10. Underground Laboratories Variation of the flux of cosmic-ray muons with overburden. SNOLAB Workshop

  11. Kamioka Observatory KamLAND (operated by Tohoku Univ.) 100m Super-Kamiokande XMASS R&D To mine entrance (1.8km from SK) Tokyo Dark Matter exp Plot type GW detectors 20m×20m 100m×100m (Cryogenic) • 1000 m rock overburden • The mine is no more active • Support facilities on the surface SNOLAB Workshop

  12. Underground Laboratories Variation of the flux of cosmic-ray muons with overburden. SNOLAB Workshop

  13. INFN Gran Sasso National Laboratory • 1400 m rock overburden • Flat cross-section • Underground area 18 000 m2 • Support facilities on the surface SNOLAB Workshop

  14. m stop and decay in e Gran Sasso Scientific Program Neutrinos from CERN (CNGS) OPERA ICARUS (600ton → 3000ton) (data taken at the surface) Neutrinos from the atmosphere MONOLITH not approved Neutrinos from the Sun GNO BOREXINO LENS proposal Low energy solar neutrino exp with 30ton Ga. Observe　τ-decay Em: 36tons, Pb: 2ktons Real time measurement of 7Be ν. It will start soon. SNOLAB Workshop

  15. Gran Sasso Scientific Program Neutrinos from Supernovae LVD Double beta decay experiments Enriched Ge (Heidelberg-Moscow) Cryogenic techniques (Cuorecino, TeO2) Search for non baryonic dark matter Severalcomplementary experiments Example: DAMA 100kg NaI detector Nuclear reactions (two accelerators, 40 and 400keV) Fusion reactions in the Sun Anomalous screening in metals (LUNA-2) 1kton liq scintillator detector The lab is also used for studies of geology and biology. SNOLAB Workshop

  16. Underground Laboratories Variation of the flux of cosmic-ray muons with overburden. Proposed Multipurpose Underground Laboratory in the U.S. SNOLAB Workshop

  17. Proposed U.S. Underground Laboratory -- Present Context • Compelling case has been established for the broad range of science (physics, astrophysics, biology, geology and national security) at a deep underground laboratory. • The case validated by a number of studies, including • two National Research Council (NRC) reports • a soon-to-be-released National Science and Technology Council report prepared by the Interagency Working Group on the Physics of the Universe. • Proposals for Homestake mine, San Jacinto and Soudan • NSF carried out a site review process and selected Homestake as the most promising site. • Since that review, however, the pumps have been turned off at Homestake, and the mine is now flooding. • Moreover, additional sites have been put forth. SNOLAB Workshop

  18. Proposed U.S. Underground Laboratory -- Process at NSF • The Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences (MPS) has moved to put in place a deliberate process that has NSF working with the community to develop a course of action that will realize the scientific opportunities before us. • In broad outline, NSF process consists of • returned the submitted site proposals without prejudice • informational meeting held at NSF to describe roadmap and to receive community feedback - 29 March 2004; • work with the Department of Energy (DOE) to develop mechanisms for selecting and jointly funding underground science experiments • issue a series of up to three solicitations for planning grants beginning this spring. • Underground science community is joining toward making one joint proposal to NSF for an underground laboratory SNOLAB Workshop

  19. Proposed U.S. Underground Laboratory -- Process at NSF • Concerning the solicitations • the purpose of the first is to provide funds to one or more groups to develop detailed science modules reflecting the range of science opportunities noted above and to specify the associated infrastructure requirements. • The second solicitation, issued at the same time, would fund several site development studies. • The final solicitation, a year or more into the future, would provide funds to develop underground laboratory proposals combining site infrastructure with a suite of initial science experiments for NSF consideration. • The third solicitation would only occur if MPS and its partners determined that timely construction of a major new facility is needed to realize the scientific opportunities.. SNOLAB Workshop

  20. Underground Laboratories Variation of the flux of cosmic-ray muons with overburden. SNOLAB Workshop

  21. Experimental Advisory Committee The SNOLAB Experiment Advisory Committee (EAC) is an expert and advisory panel to review Letters-of-Interest from the scientific community and, eventually, proposals for projects at SNOLAB and provide advice to the SNOLAB Director on priorities for siting experiments in the laboratory. The objectives of the EAC are: a) develop an experimental program of the highest scientific merit, b) study in detail the technical feasibility of individual projects, c) prioritize projects for siting in SNOLAB, taking into account time lines for the projects as well as scientific merit, and d) consider proposals for allocation of development space for programs that require such space for research and development. Members of the EAC should be representative of the Canadian and international community active on underground science and have good knowledge of the scientific areas under consideration. SNOLAB Workshop

  22. Barry Barish ... Chair ... CaltechBaha Balantekin ... Univ Wisconsin, MadisonCliff Burgess ... McGillTakaaki Kajita ... ICRR TokyoJohn Martin ... TorontoKen Ragan ... McGillKate Scholberg ... MITDave Wark ... Imperial CollegeAndrew Hime …. ex-officio (Associate Director for Scientific Development and Chair of the Scientific Executive Committee (SEC)). SNOLAB EAC Membership SNOLAB Workshop

  23. Letters of Intent Experiment: EXOContact: Giorgio GrattaScope: Double Beta DecayWorkshop Presentation: YesLOI: Expected ----------------------------Experiment: SNO with ScintillatorContact: Mark ChenScope: Solar Neutrinos and Double Beta DecayWorkshop Presentation: Yes ... with McDonald & CaccianigaLOI: Received Experiment: COBRAContact: Kai ZuberScope: Double Beta DecayWorkshop Presentation: YesLOI: ReceivedExperiment: MajoranaContact: Steve ElliottScope: Double Beta DecayWorkshop Presentation: YesLOI: ReceivedExperiment: GERDAContact: Iris AbtScope: Double Beta DecayWorkshop Presentation: YesLOI: Expected SNOLAB Workshop

  24. Letters of Intent Experiment: Lithium DetectorContact: Anatoly KopylovScope: Solar NeutrinosWorkshop Presentation: NoLOI: Received Experiment: Noble Liquid Tracking DetectorContact: Bill WillisScope: Solar NeutrinosWorkshop Presentation: YesLOI: Received Experiment: CLEANContact: Dan McKinseyScope: Solar Neutrinos and Dark MatterWorkshop Presentation: YesLOI: Expected --------------------- Experiment: CDMSContact: Dan AkeribScope: Dark MatterWorkshop Presentation: YesLOI: Note from Dan Akerib Experiment: ZEPLINContact: Nigel SmithScope: Dark MatterWorkshop Presentation: YesLOI: Expected SNOLAB Workshop

  25. Letters of Intent Experiment: PICASSOContact: Viktor ZacekScope: Dark MatterWorkshop Presentation: YesLOI: ExpectedExperiment: DRIFTContact: Jeff MartoffScope: Dark MatterWorkshop Presentation: YesLOI: NoExperiment: DRIFT-IIIContact: Neil SpoonerScope: Dark MatterWorkshop Presentation: NoLOI: Received Experiment: XENONContact: Tom ShuttScope: Dark MatterWorkshop Presentation: YesLOI: Received--------------------- Experiment: HALOContact: Charles DubaScope: Supernova NeutrinosWorkshop Presentation: YesLOI: No SNOLAB Workshop

  26. Goals: Dirac or Majorana particle? Majorana : The neutrino is its own antiparticle Ettore Majorana SNOLAB Workshop

  27. Solar Neutrinos – The Future In the standard solar model the flux from the pp reaction is predicted to an accuracy of 1%. Further, the total flux is related directly to the measured solar optical luminosity. Such a copious and well-understood source of neutrinos is ideal for precisely determining the neutrino masses and mixings. It also affords a way to search for hypothesized sterile neutrinos as much as a million times lighter than those explored by present experiments, provided they mixed sufficiently with the active neutrinos. Unfortunately, the pp neutrinos have very low energies SNOLAB Workshop

  28. Dark Matter – Direct Searches SNOLAB Workshop

  29. EAC Goal • Work with SNOLAB and the community to develop the most promising program for the new laboratory taking into account: • Science potential is the highest priority! • The approved program must have significant discovery potential and strong collaborations to obtain funding • The experiments should take advantage of the uniqueness of great depth at SNOLAB • The program should be determined in the context of other plans worldwide. • R&D toward proposals not yet mature should be accommodated where possible. • EAC will provide strategic and technical guidance, in order to construct a deep underground laboratory expeditiously and in synergy with a world class research program. SNOLAB Workshop

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