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TAXONOMY

TAXONOMY. Taxonomy is the science of grouping and naming organisms. Classification the grouping of information or objects based on similarities. We only know about a fraction of the organisms that exist or have existed on Earth. Taxonomists give a unique scientific name to

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TAXONOMY

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  1. TAXONOMY

  2. Taxonomy is the science of grouping • and naming organisms. • Classification the grouping of • information or objects based on • similarities.

  3. We only know about a fraction of the • organisms that exist or have existed on Earth. • Taxonomists give a unique scientific name to • each species they know about whether it’s alive • today or extinct. • The scientific name comes from one of two • “dead” languages – Latin or ancient Greek. Why use a dead language?

  4. Devil Cat

  5. Ghost Cat

  6. Mountain Lion

  7. Screaming Cat

  8. Puma

  9. Florida Panther

  10. Cougar

  11. There are at least 50 common names for • the animal shown on the previous 7 slides. • Common names vary according to region. • Soooo……why use a scientific name?

  12. a two name system for writing scientific names. • The genus name is written first (always Capitalized). • The species name is written second (never capitalized). • Both words are • italicized if typed or underlined if hand written. • Example: Felis concolor or F. concolor • Which is the genus? The species? Binomial Nomenclature

  13. Phylogeny, the evolutionary history of anorganism, is the cornerstone of a branch of biology called systematic taxonomy.

  14. A phylogenetic tree is a family tree that shows ahypothesis about the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms. It does not show the actual evolutionary history of organisms. Why a hypothesis?

  15. Phylogenetic trees are usually based on a combination of these lines of evidence: • Fossil record • Morphology • Embryological patterns of development • Chromosomes and DNA

  16. Fossil

  17. Morphology

  18. Homologous Structures

  19. modifies homologous structures Adaptive Radiation - Modifies homologous structures

  20. Convergent Evolution These animals have evolved similar adaptations for obtaining food because they occupy similar niches. What can you infer about their phylogeny from their geographic locations?

  21. Convergent evolution leads to………. • Analogous Structures  - • Traits that are morphologically and • functionally similar even though there • is no common ancestor.

  22. Embryology

  23. Cladistics- is a relatively new system of phylogenetics classification that uses shared derived characters to establish evolutionary relationships. A derived character is a feature that apparently evolved only within the group under consideration.

  24. DNA

  25. A phylogenetic tree based on a cladistic analysis is called a cladogram. What derived character is shared by all the animals on the cladogram on the next slide?

  26. The acacia and its ants are an example of coevolution. Each influences the others evolution. Can you think of any other examples of coevolution?

  27. A key is a device for easily and quickly identifying • an unknown organism. • The dichotomous key is the most widely used type in biological sciences. • The user is presented with a sequence of choices between two statements,couplets, based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the name of the organism will be revealed. The Dichotomous Key

  28. 1. A. one pair of wings B. Two pairs of wings

  29. The Kingdoms • 1. Bacteria • Includes other members of old kingdom Monera • 2.– Protist • 3.– Fungi • 4.– Animalia • 5.– Plantae

  30. The major classification levels,from most general to most specific (several of these have subdivisions) A group at any level is a taxon.

  31. Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla Phyla are subdivided into classes Classes are subdivided into orders Orders are subdivided into families Families are divided into genera Genera contain closely related species Species is unique Categories within Kingdoms

  32. Phylogeny • Systematics Hypothesis • Cladistics • Derived character • Cladogram • Dichotomous Key • Order • Family • Genus • Species • Common name • Scientific • name • Binomial • nomenclature • Classification • Taxonomy • Aristotle • Linnaeus • Kingdom • Phylum • Class

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