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Section 1. The U.s. enters WWI. Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico from 1884-1911 Encouraged foreign investment to develop nation Majority of people were poor and landless and frustrated 1911 revolution erupted and forced Diaz to flee Francisco Madero took Diaz’s place
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Section 1 The U.s. enters WWI
Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico from 1884-1911 Encouraged foreign investment to develop nation Majority of people were poor and landless and frustrated 1911 revolution erupted and forced Diaz to flee Francisco Madero took Diaz’s place Unskilled administrator & Mexico continued to decline Army officers plotted against Madero The Mexican revolution
General Victoriano Huerta seized power in Mexico and Madero was murdered, probably on Huerta’s orders Wilson upset by Huerta’s actions refused to recognize new gov’t Felt without U.S. support the gov’t would soon be overthrown Cont.
April 1914 American sailors were arrested in Tampico for entering a restricted area Quickly released but Wilson demanded an apology Mexicans refused and Wilson used refusal as an opportunity get rid of Huerta Wilson sent marines to seize Mexican port of Veracruz Wilson sends troops to Mexico
Marines were not welcomed like Wilson thought they would be Riots broke out Venustiano Carranza became Mexico’s president Mexicans who opposed Carranza weren’t happy so they conducted raids in the U.S. hoping to force Wilson to intervene Cont.
Pancho Villa- led a group of guerillas that burned Columbus, New Mexico killing Americans Guerillas- armed band that uses surprise attacks and sabotage other than open warfare Wilson responded by sending 6,000 troops led by General John J. Pershing to capture Villa Pershing failed to capture guerillas; Wilson recalls Pershing’s troops with growing concern in Europe in 1917 Cont.
Read this section Understand how Germany became a nation France and Germany enemies Triple Alliance The alliance system
While major powers in Europe were dividing into alliances, Great Britain remained neutral 1898 Germans began building a navy challenging Great Britain’s navy Naval race had begun which increased tensions with Germany and Great Britain causing Great Britain to establish closer relations with France and Russia Refused a formal alliance so it became known as an “entente cordiale”- friendly understanding (Triple Entente) The Naval race
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated as he rode through Sarajevo GavriloPrincip was the shooter and he was a member of the “Black Hand” (Serbian Nationalist Group) Serbian’s knew this was going to happen, they were looking to start war A continent goes to war
Austrians asked German allies for support before attacking Serbia because they feared an attack would trigger war with Russia Germany agreed Serbs counted on Russia to back them up, Russia counted on France to back them July 28, 1914 Austria declared war on Serbia Russia mobilizes an army August 1 Germany declares war on Russia, 2 days later declared war on France WWI had begun Cont.
Germany had been waiting for war for a long time Launched massive invasion of France hoping to knock them out fast With France out of the picture Germany could then focus on sending troops to Russia Problem: Germany had to advance through neutral Belgium German troops crossed the Belgian frontier and Britain declared war on Germany Germany’s plan fails
Germany’s plan worked at first They blew through Belgium and drove French and British forces back Then Russia invaded Germany catching Germany by surprise Germany forced to pull troops from France and send them east French troops stopped German advances at the Battle of the Marne Cont.
Both sides were locked in a bloody stalemate for 3 years in hundreds of miles of trenches Cont.
Allies- France, Russia, and Great Britain formed the backbone (Italy came in later) Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria Cont.
Wilson declares the U.S. neutral • Americans however, showed support for one side or the other • German immigrants supported Central Powers • American public favored Allies • Americans treasured history link with France, great friend during Revolutionary War American neutrality
Read this section Propaganda Pro-british sentiment
British blockade Germany to keep it from obtaining supplies Contraband- prohibited materials Germans knew how much the Allies depended on the U.S. for supplies To get around Britain’s blockade the Germans deployed submarines known as U-boats U-boats would attempt to sink without warning any ship found around Britain British blockade
Germany’s announcement triggered outrage International treaty stated military vessels must reveal their intentions to merchant ships and make provisions for the safety of the targeted ship’s crew and passengers before sinking it Germans disagreed saying it would give away there position Cont.
May 7, 1915 German U-boat fired on the Lusitania sinking it • Killing 1200 passengers- 128 Americans • Americans were outraged • Wilson didn’t take extreme measures against Germany • Sent notes insisting Germany to stop firing on civilian ships Lusitania
Germany ignored Wilson’s request • March 1916 German U-boat fired on Sussex injuring many Americans • Wilson issued one last warning • Abandon submarine warfare or risk war with U.S. • Germany didn’t want to strengthen the Allies • Sussex Pledge- Germany would sink no more merchant ships; kept U.S. out of war a little longer Sussex
Arthur Zimmerman, German official, cabled German ambassador in Mexico telling him to instruct Mexican gov’t to ally with Germany in an event of war b/w Germany and U.S. Mexico would regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona after war (if Germany won) Germany hoped this would occupy U.S. and keep them out of Europe British intelligence intercepted this Zimmerman telegraph, shortly after it was leaked in American papers U.S. declares war
Feb. 1, 1917 Germany resumes submarine warfare Didn’t believe U.S. could raise an Army fast enough Germany sank 6 American merchants ship between Feb 3-March21 Wilson appears before a special session of Congress to ask for a declaration of war Senate: 82-6 in favor (April 4, 1917) House: 373-50 in favor (April 6, 1917) America was now at war Cont.
