Personal Safety and Injury Prevention

First Aid and SafetyNOT including CPRPrepared for Health Education classat the Arts Academy at Benjamin RushSchool District of PhiladelphiaTeacher: Todd Corabi

Personal Safety and Injury Prevention There are numerous areas that people need to stay safe and protect themselves. This powerpoint will help to make people safety conscious AND give tips for basic first aid for many potential accidents and situations

Safety First In the United States, more than 90,000 deaths occur each year due to accidents. Some of these accidents could be prevented if a person was safety conscious. That means “to be aware that safety is important and to be careful to act in a safe manner” Prevention is the best way to avoid and reduce risks. • Prevention includes thinking ahead (preparation) • trying to spot possible hazards before accidents occur (observation) • Doing safe acts to prevent accidents (prevention)

How Accidental Injuries Occur Many, but not all, accidental injuries happen because people become careless. They are often the result of an “accident chain,” a sequence of events that leads to an unintentional injury.

The Accident Chain The situation: Nicole has overslept. She is rushing to put her jacket on and eat breakfast so that she doesn’t miss the bus. The unsafe habit: When Nicole takes off her skates, she usually leaves them on the front steps. The unsafe action: Nicole is thinking only of getting to the bus stop. She races out of the door without looking where she is going. The accident: Nicole trips over her skates and falls forward onto the sidewalk. The result: When she falls, Nicole sprains her wrist and scrapes both hands. She also misses her bus.

Breaking the Accident Chain By breaking just one link, you can disable the accident chain and prevent accidental injuries. To break the accident chain: • Change the situation. • Change the unsafe action. • Change the unsafe habit.

Breaking the Accident Chain (cont’d.) What actions could Nicole have taken to break a link in the accident chain? (notes version of slide has possible answers)

Steps to Take in an Emergency People can get injured or ill at any time and in any place. If a person has a serious or life-threatening problem, he or she will need emergency care. Always have a basic first aid kit ready with AT LEAST various band aids, bandages, non-latex gloves, alcohol swabs, tweezers, scissors, and gauze pads.

Steps to Take in an Emergency Check the Scene for safety: If you get hurt, you can’t help someone else Check the Person: Unconscious vs Conscious see next slide(s) CALL for help: Yell out loud for help from people around you, CALL 911, notify someone in charge (if applicable), Call/send for AED Care for person Using basic first aid/safety/CPR skills CHECK CALL CARE

CHECK THE PERSON Unconscious vs Conscious people Conscious = Adults and older teens: Approach calmly, get permission, do a head to toe assessment looking for obvious signs of trauma (broken bones, cuts, bleeding, etc) and asking questions Younger teens and children ESPECIALLY little kids Approach calmly, get their parent’s permission if possible, do a toe to head assessment at their level (kneeling or sitting)

When to call 911????..EMERGENCIES Examples include but are not limited to: No signs of life, Unconsciousness, Deep burns,, trouble breathing (with no response from Asthma inhalers if Asthmatic), persistent chest pain, vomiting blood, seizures, head injuries, broken bones through skin, perceived neck/back injury

Prevention and First Aid It is obviously better to prevent and avoid accidents by being safe and being safety conscious. However, even if we do everything we can to prevent accidents, sometimes, they still occur. The following slides will take SEVERAL situations and Present to you basic prevention and first aid treatment

VARIOUS SITUATIONS with their BASIC first aid BLEEDING and CUTS

Stopping Severe Bleeding To stop or slow blood loss, use the following methods: • Cover the wound with a clean cloth and press firmly against the wound with your hand. If it becomes soaked…use an additional clean cloth • If possible, elevate the wound above the level of the heart to slow blood flow. • Remember to always use gloves when treating someone else to avoid contact with blood that may be infected with HIV

VARIOUS SITUATIONS with their BASIC first aid Poisoning

Poisoning: PREVENTION: • Don’t drink ANYTHING if you don’t know what it is. • Keep cleaning fluids locked and away from children • Teach children to never drink anything unless given to them by an adult

Preventing Poisonings continued To prevent accidental poisonings: • Never refer to a child’s medicine or vitamins as “candy.” • Make sure that all medicines have child-resistant caps. • Put all medicines and poisonous substances away immediately after using them. • Keep all cleaning products in their original, labeled containers. • Store all potentially poisonous substances in high cabinets, out of children’s reach. If possible, keep the cabinets locked.

Poisoning: TREATMENT: • Poisoning: Call 911 or local poison control center (number in front of phone book) and follow the instructions you receive. • Save the container of the substance responsible for the poisoning for hospital and medical care • Do not induce vomiting unless told to do so by 911 or local poison control center

VARIOUS SITUATIONS with their BASIC first aid Burns

Treating Burns There are three main types of burns: • First-degree burn: A burn in which only the outer layer of skin is burned and turns red (example = sun burn) • Second-degree burn: A moderately serious burn in which the burned area blisters • (curling iron, hot pot handle, hot water, hot steam) • Third-degree burn: A very serious burn in which all layers of the skin are damaged • (call 911, usually from fire, electricity or chemicals but possible from scolding hot water)

Treating Burns (cont) Prevention: • First-degree burn: Use sun block, avoid contact with hot objects (duh) • Second-degree burn: Keep pot handles turned IN so they can’t be knocked into or grabbed for example. • Third-degree burn: Use protective gloves, eye wear, clothes and/or tools (such as when dealing with chemicals, fireplaces, grills, wires, etc)

Treating Burns (cont’d.) Here is how each type of burn should be treated: • First-degree burn: Flush the burned area with cold water (not ice) for at least 15 minutes then wrap loosely in clean dressing. You may then use ice if desired • Second-degree burn: Minor second-degree burns can be treated by flushing the affected area with cold water (not ice) and elevating the burned area. Wrap in clean dressing..do not pop blisters • Third-degree burn: Call 911 or an ambulance at once. Do not attempt to remove burned clothing. While waiting for medical help, keep the victim still and have him or her sip fluids. • NOTE: If a burn is from electric or chemicals DO NOT use water or ice!!!!!!!

VARIOUS SITUATIONS with their BASIC first aid FIRE Safety

Fire Safety Here are some of the leading causes of fires in the home: • Careless cooking habits • Careless cigarette smoking • Improper storage of flammable materials • Electrical overload or damaged electrical circuits and wiring

Preventing Fires You can prevent fires by taking the following safety measures: • Keep stoves and ovens clean. • Store matches and cigarette lighters in safe places, out of the reach of children. • Check electrical appliances for loose or damaged cords. Repair or replace damaged appliances and broken outlets. • If you smoke..never smoke in bed and make sure all cigarettes and ashes are “out” before throwing away

Being Prepared for a Fire Smoke alarms can provide a strong defense against injuries or death from fires. Keep the following points in mind when using smoke alarms: • Install a smoke alarm on every level of the house, preferably outside a sleeping area and in every room. • Check smoke alarms once a month by pushing the test button. Also, change their batteries at least once a year.

Being Prepared for a Fire (cont’d.) Water will put out fires in which paper, wood, or cloth is burning. However, water must not be used on oil, grease, or electrical fires. If a small grease fire starts in the kitchen, turn off heat, cover to “smother” flames. However, small fires get big FAST!!! For this reason, every home needs at least one fire extinguisher.

Being Prepared for a Fire (cont’d.) Own a fire extinguisher and take the following precautions when using a fire extinguisher: • Make sure that you read and understand the instructions so that you can operate it in an emergency. • Check the pressure gauge periodically to make sure that the fire extinguisher is ready to use. • Replace or recharge it as necessary.

Being Prepared for a Fire (cont’d.) Here are some important points when escaping from fire: • Plan escape routes with your family in case of fire. • Most fatal fires occur during the night, so every escape route should begin in a bedroom. • A window with a fire escape or a ladder may save a life if flames, heat, or smoke block a bedroom door. • Decide on a meeting point outside so that everybody knows whether people are safe. • Practice the escape plan by holding a family fire drill every six months.

If possible, leave quickly. • Get out of the building before • calling 911 or the fire department. • Before opening a closed door, feel it to see if it is hot. • If it is, do not open it. There may be flames just outside the door. Escaping a Fire

If you must exit through smoke, crawl along the floor. • If you can't get out, stay in the room with the door closed. • Roll up a blanket or towel and put it across the bottom of the door to keep out smoke. Escaping a Fire (cont’d.)

If your clothing catches fire, stop, drop, and roll. • Once outside, go to the prearranged meeting place.Let everyone know that you are safe. Then someone should call 911 or the fire department. Escaping a Fire (cont’d.)

VARIOUS SITUATIONS with their BASIC first aid Falls, bruises, sprains, strains, broken bones

Preventing Falls These safety rules can help you prevent falls: • In the kitchen: Clean up spills right away. • In the bathroom: Put a nonskid mat on the bottom of the tub or shower. • On the stairs: Keep all staircases well lit. • At school: Follow school rules related to safety.

Sprains and Bruises • Sprains and bruises: • Tell the victim not to use the injured body part. Then use the R.I.C.E. formula: • Rest • Ice • Compression • Elevation

BROKEN BONES • Broken bones: Because moving broken bones can cause further injury, have the person remain still until medical assistance arrives. • If a person needs to be moved, create a splint: • Anatomical splint • Soft splint • Hard splint • See local Red Cross guide for details on these types of splints. It is better if they don’t move

VARIOUS SITUATIONS with their BASIC first aid Electrical safety

Preventing Electric Shocks Electricity can be extremely dangerous. Improper use or maintenance of electrical appliances, wiring, and outlets can cause severe electric shock. There is also the danger of electrocution, or death resulting from electric shock.

Preventing Electric Shocks (cont’d.) To avoid electric shock, follow these rules: • Never use an electrical appliance near water, such as in a bathtub, or if you are wet. • Unplug small appliances, such as hair dryers and toasters, when they are not in use. Repair or replace broken appliances. • Pull out an electrical plug by the plug itself, not by the cord. • Repair or replace loose or damaged cords.

VARIOUS SITUATIONS with their BASIC first aid Guns

Gun Safety Observe the following basic gun safety rules if someone in your family, or someone you know, keeps guns at home: • Guns should be stored unloaded, in a locked cabinet. • Bullets should be stored in a different locked cabinet. • A gun should never be pointed at anyone, and its barrel should aim downward when someone is carrying it.

Gun Safety (cont’d.) To protect yourself against weapons at school: • Cooperate with your school’s efforts to keep them off school grounds. • Know and follow school rules prohibiting the possession of weapons. • If you suspect that another student is carrying a gun or any other weapon, inform a teacher or school administrator. You can request that your name not be revealed.

VARIOUS SITUATIONS with their BASIC first aid Driving, Pedestrian Non-motorized “wheels”

Driving Safety In every area of the United States, traffic laws are enforced to ensure order and safety. • In Philadelphia all passengers and the driver should wear a seat belt and children should be in the proper type of car or booster seat. • All drivers of motor vehicles are required to obey traffic regulations. • Never text while driving • Use cell phones only with hands free devices

Safety on Wheels (bikes, scooters, skates, skateboards) You can have fun on wheels and be safe by following some important guidelines: • Check the equipment you use. • Always wear a helmet (law under 13) • When in-line skating, skateboarding, or riding a scooter, wear wrist guards, elbow and knee pads, and light gloves. • Wear athletic shoes for bicycling, skateboarding, or riding a scooter. • Obey local traffic rules

Safety on Foot Obey traffic signals when crossing the street, and cross only at intersections or crosswalks. Look left, right, and left again before stepping into the street. Do not walk or run into the street from between parked cars. Do not wear headphones while walking (one okay, 2 is distracting)

VARIOUS SITUATIONS with their BASIC first aid Neighborhood, personal protection, parks and recreation areas

Safety in Your Neighborhood To reduce your chances of becoming a victim of deliberate injury: • Avoid potential trouble. Do not go out alone at night. Tell a parent about where you are going and when you will return home. Stay in well-lit areas. • Be smart and aware. Move away from anyone who makes you feel uncomfortable. • Get help when you need it. If anyone tries to touch you or says anything that frightens you, scream and run to the nearest public or safe place. Tell your parent or another trusted adult immediately.

Safety in Your Neighborhood Stages of self defense: • Aware: be aware of everything and everyone around you • Avoidance: Don’t go near potentially bad situations if possible, play it safe when dealing with money, jewerly • Prevention: If possible, find a way to get away from a fight • Physical Contact: If you have no choice, FIGHT • Follow up: create a police report, tell your parents/school

Outdoor Recreational Safety You can stay safe outdoors by following these commonsense rules: • Take a buddy. • Stay aware. • Know your limits. • Use good judgment. • Be sure to warm up and cool down.

Personal Safety and Injury Prevention