Method to secure fulfilment of environmental goals in road and rail infrastructure planning PART 1

1. Method to secure fulfilment of environmental goals in road and rail infrastructure planning PART 1 Annika K. Jägerbrand, Hans Antonson, Charlotta Faith-Ell, Sara Janhäll VTI, Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute WSP group

2. Environmental goals in infrastructure planning Did it turnout the way it wassupposed to? – Method to securefulfilment of environmental goals in road and rail infrastructure planning Overview of the project International state-of-the-art Case studies & document analysis Case studies, interviews Identification of successfulfactors Development of a method to securefulfilment of environmental goals Expert workshop Furtherdevelopment and test Final report The projectisfinancedby Vinnova, Sweden's innovation agency

3. Environmental goals in infrastructure planning Method to securefulfilment of environmental goals in road and rail infrastructure planning Overview of slideshow • Background • Environmental goals • EO in the EIA process • Method • EO in the EIA, preliminaryfindings • Exampleof case studie • Discussion and future work

4. Environmental goals in infrastructure planning • Background • New process for planning affecting the EIA process (2013), the planning process for roads and railways must becoherent(not segmented) • For example, communication must take place between all authoritiesthroughout the process • Environmental objectives at the national level • Wedon’t know if EO are integrated and included in EIA and if so, are theyhandled in an effective way? • How are EO treated in the new planning process? • Are impact assessments of EO and compensations correct? • Did it turnout the way it wassupposed to?

5. Environmental goals in infrastructure planning • Environmental objectives • Reduced Climate Impact • Clean Air • A Good Built Environment • A Rich Diversity of Plant and Animal Life

6. National environmental goals • Zero net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050 • air must be clean enough not to represent a risk to human health or to animals, plants or cultural assets • cities, towns and other built-up areas must provide a good, healthy living environment and contribute to a good regional and global environment… • Biological diversity must be preserved and used sustainably for the benefit of present and future generations. Species habitats and ecosystems and their functions and processes must be safeguarded. Species must be able to survive in long-term viable populations with sufficient genetic variation. Finally, people must have access to a good natural and cultural environment rich in biological diversity, as a basis for health, quality of life and well-being.

7. Environmental goals in infrastructure planning Environmental objectives, some examples Clean Air: • Health aspects • Risk of health aspects • Costs of healtheffects • Emissions Reducedclimate change impact: • Transport emissions • Emissions fromotherprocesses A Rich Diversity of Plant and Animal Life: • Redlistedspecies • N2000 • Fragmentation • Species, habitats, system, processes • Access to natural areas A Good BuiltEnvironment: • Noise • Vibrations • Air/health • Green areas • Traffic safety

8. Environmental goals in infrastructure planning Environmental objectives in the EIA process • No additional process or legislation in the EIA planning process for EO, voluntarily or person-dependent on what is integrated and evaluated. • Some EO are included in the socio-economic models (e.g. noise, air quality, traffic safety) or EVA calculations (causal effect calculations in road analysis). Well-known. • Some factors of relevance for EO seems to be not treated and is not considered of significance (?) (e.g. light pollution, noise pollution on animals, synergistic environmental impacts). • Experience from STA on measure-choice-studies (used in the very early stage in the planning process) shows individually based consideration of environmental, economical and social aspects.

9. Environmental goals in infrastructure planning Environmental objectives in the EIA process Not mentioned Mentioned but decideditwas not significant (enough) to beincludedfurther Mentioned& evaluated Mentioned & evaluated, measuressuggested Mentioned& evaluated, measuressuggested, follow-up suggested Mentioned & evaluated, measures suggested, follow-up fulfilled

10. Example on search terms: Environmental objectives EI Environmental impact EIA Environmental impact assessment EIS Environmental impact statement SEA strategic environmental assessment EO + EIA “or” Transport/transportation/transportinfrastructure/mobility/road/rail (or) and… Environmental objectives etc Methods for the state-of-the-art Part 1. Systematicliteraturereview Limit literaturesearches to: • EnvironmentalImpactAssessment Review • Impact assessment and project appraisal • Journal of environmental Assessment policy and management • Transportation research part D. Transport and environment • Journal of environmental management • Land use policy • Environmental research

11. Environmental goals in infrastructure planning Environmental objectives in the EIA process, preliminary findings: • ReducedClimate Impact: Climate impact causes residualeffects in road projects, compensation measures are not enough and are based on individualknowledge/experience, not optimal. Not many long-termtrafficsocio-economic scenarios will come true… • Clean Air / A Good BuiltEnvironment Health aspects in EIA to broadlydefined (noise, drinking water, air pollution, recreation/outdoor life and trafficsafety), not focussing on national relevant goals (transport-related) • A Rich Diversity of Plant and Animal Life: Determination of significanceis crucial for EO, but maybedependent on individual basis. Individualchoiceisaffected by scientificunderstanding of ecologicalprocesses and/or by monitoring and follow-up.

12. Environmental objectives in the EIA process, example / case study World heritage site Tanum, European route E6 • New stretch wasurgentlyneededto finish the highwaybetween Copenhagen-Oslo. Sweden startedbuilding1955. • Last stretch finished in 2015. • A unique planning process wasdevelopedwithclose co-operations betweenmanyauthoritiesdue to the sensitivityofworldheritage and the landscape

13. The new 7,5 km stretch of E6: • Reducedimpactsofnoise, barriereffects (old road) • Increasedtrafficsafety • Increasedaccessability to the worldheritage. • Several landscape and environmentalmitigationmeasures. In total 9 bridges, one tunnel and one road service area. Passages built for frogs, otters, roedeers and elks. Interesting to use as a casestudy

14. Discussion and future work • EO couldbeincludedbetter in earlier stages? • Poor data/monitoring for follow-up? • Quality of EIA couldbeimproved if the national EO werebetterincorporated at the projectlevel? (or at least exemplifiedfor planners…) • No validation or review of EIA whether or not EO are actuallyincluded? • Officialscouldmakegreat use of best practice examples? • New model shouldperhaps not be a model but instead a chapter in the EIA handbook? • Conflictsbetween EO mayexists