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Second Quarter EOC Review

Second Quarter EOC Review. Remember!!!. All LIVING things need energy for necessary life functions!! Energy comes from the sun . Producers capture light energy and store it in food molecules. Energy in food is broken down by cellular respiration.

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Second Quarter EOC Review

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  1. Second Quarter EOC Review

  2. Remember!!! All LIVING things need energy for necessary life functions!! • Energy comes from the sun. • Producers capture light energy and store it in food molecules. • Energy in food is broken down by cellular respiration. • Energy in foods provide organisms the fuel necessary for work such as reproduction.

  3. Photosynthesis • Plants are autotrophs (make their own food) • Occurs in chloroplast inside leaf cells • Chlorophyll is a green pigment that absorbs sunlight • 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Affected by light, temperature and water

  4. Organisms that Photosynthesize Some Bacteria Euglena (Protist) Plant cell Green Algae (Protist) All plants

  5. Cellular Respiration • Occurs in ALL LIVING things • Releases energy by breaking down GLUCOSE • Occurs in the mitochondria • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O • Produces 36 ATP • Plants go through cellular respiration at night

  6. 2 Types of Cellular Respiration 1. Aerobic respiration – does require oxygen • Occurs in the mitochondria • Produces more ATP than Anaerobic Respiration 2.Anaerobic respiration- does NOT require oxygen -Occurs in the cytoplasm

  7. 2 Types of Anaerobic Respiration 1) Alcoholic fermentation • Occurs in Yeast cells • Produces CO2 & Alcohol (2 ATP) 2) Lactic acid fermentation • Occurs in Muscle cells (strenuous activity) • Occurs in bacteria cells (used in making yogurt) • Produces lactic acid (2 ATP)

  8. Cellular Respiration Occurs in cytoplasm Occurs in mitochondria Carbon dioxide + Water + 36 ATP Krebs Cycle 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain 32 ATP Glycolysis 2 ATP Glucose + Oxygen = anaerobic aerobic

  9. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

  10. Photosynthesis &Cellular Respiration • Balances CO2 in the ecosystem

  11. The Cell Theory • All LIVING things are made up of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of life. 3. New cells come from existingcells.

  12. Asexual Reproduction • Production of offspring by a single parent • Offspring are genetically identical • Process -Mitosis (asexual reproduction of body cells) • Five types: 1) Binary Fission 2) Budding 3) Regeneration 4) Sporulation 5) Vegetative Sporulation

  13. Types of Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission Sporulation Budding Vegetative Propagation Regeneration

  14. Sexual Reproduction • Two parent cells join together to form a new individual • Sex cells (sperm & egg) produced by meiosis (Meiosis= reproduction cells) • Fertilization – combining of sex cells • Offspring are different from parents • Occurs in worms, insects, amphibians, plants and mammals

  15. Sexual Reproduction

  16. Types of Fertilization 1) Internal Fertilization: • Occurs inside females body • Example: reptiles, birds, and most land animals 2) External Fertilization: • Occurs outside the females body • Example: Frogs and Fish

  17. Types of Development 1) Internal Development: • Occurs inside females body • Example: most land animals and dolphins 2) External Development: • Occurs outside the females body • Example: Frogs and Fish

  18. THE CELL CYCLE • Series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide • Consists of four phases: • G1 PHASE – CELL GROWTH • S PHASE – CHROMOSOME REPLICATION • G2 PHASE – PREPARATION FOR MITOSIS • M PHASE – MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS

  19. Mitosis • Asexual reproduction • DNA condenses into chromosomes • Cells are Diploid (2N) “have paired chromosomes” • Four phases of Mitosis: (Hint: PMAT) 1st P= Prophase 2nd M= Metaphase 3rd A= Anaphase 4th T= Telophase

  20. Meiosis • Sexual reproduction • Two cell divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II) • Produces fourhaploid (N) cells “chromosomes unpaired” • Produces gametes “sperm & egg cells” • Crossing Over Increases genetic variation

  21. Mitosis Starts with diploid cell One nuclear division Ends with two diploid cells (2N) Asexual reproduction Produces bodycells Meiosis Starts with diploid cell Two nuclear divisions Ends with fourhaploid cells (N) Sexual reproduction Produces gametes Lets Compare Meiosis to Mitosis!!

  22. GENETICS

  23. Mendelian Genetics • Punnett squares- used to show probability in genetic crosses • Probability – chance of an event happening • Simple traits governed by two alleles • Alleles – alternate forms of a gene (AKA: LETTERS) Dominant allele= CAPITAL LETTERS Recessive allele= lowercase letters (Dominant masks recessive) • Genotype – genetic make up (letters) Homozygous – same alleles (AA) Heterozygous – different alleles (Aa) • Phenotype – organism’s physical appearance (looks) EXAMPLE: Brown Hair or Blue Eyes • Test Cross: Always homozygous recessive

  24. Monohybrid Cross(one set of traits) • In guinea pigs, black fur is dominant to white fur. • Cross two heterozygous Black guinea pigs. Parents: Bb x Bb • Genotypic Ratio: 1 BB: 2 Bb: 1 bb • Phenotypic Ratio: 3 black: 1 white b B BB Bb B bb b Bb

  25. Remember!! • NOT ALL traits follow Mendel’s Law of dominance. • These are complex inheritance patterns. • Incomplete dominance • Codominance • Multiple alleles • Polygenic Inheritance

  26. Incomplete Dominance(BOTH genes BLEND) In Four O'clock Plants • One allele is not completely dominant over the other • Both alleles are partially expressed • Produces a 3rd phenotype (Pink) Remember: Capital letters only, NO recessive letters Four O'clock flowers Alleles: Key: R = Red RR = Red W = White RW = Pink WW = White Image from: http://www.gwu.edu/~darwin/BiSc150/One/rose.GIF

  27. Incomplete Dominance Cross two pink-flowered plants Parents: RW X RW R W Genotypic Ratio: 1 RR: 2 RW: 1 WW Phenotypic Ratio: 1 Red: 2 Pink: 1 White RR RW R RW WW W

  28. CodominanceBoth traits are expressed at the same time(NO BLENDING) • Both alleles are completely expressed • Results in a 3rd phenotype (checkered) • In chickens: • Black and White alleles are both dominant • In blood groups: • Alleles IA and IB are codominant Remember: Capital letters only, NO recessive letters Image from: http://www.harvestofhistory.org/assets/object-images/main/dominique.jpg

  29. Codominance Cross a black chicken (B) with a white chicken (W) Parents: BB X WW B B Genotype: 4 BW W BW BW Phenotype: 4 Checkered Chickens W BW BW

  30. Multiple Alleles Four Human Blood Groups • Types A, B, AB, O • Type A: IA IA(homozygous dominant) or IAi (heterozygous dominant) • Type B: IB IB(homozygous dominant) or IBi (heterozygous dominant) • Type AB: IA IB (Codominant) • Type O: ii (only recessive blood group) Image from: http://science.uwe.ac.uk/research/uploads/CRIB_blood_cells.jpg Determined by three alleles (IA, IB, & i)

  31. Multiple Alleles:Cross a heterozygous type A person (IAi) with a heterozygous type B (IBi) person Parents: IAi X IBi IA i Genotypic Ratio: 1 IAIB 1 IAi 1 IBi 1 ii Phenotypic Ratio: 1 Type AB 1 Type A 1 Type B 1 Type O IAIB IBi IB IAi ii i

  32. Multiple Alleles: Cross a male type O person (ii) with a female type AB (IAIB) person Parents: ii X IA IB i i Genotypic Ratio: 2 IAi 2 IBi Phenotypic Ratio: 2 Type A 2 Type B IAi IAi IA IBi IBi IB

  33. Polygenic Inheritance • Determined by more than one gene (A, B, C, D) • Results in a broad range of phenotypes • AABBCCDD – darkest (dominant) • AaBbCcDd – intermediate • aabbccdd – lightest (recessive) • Examples: • Skin color, eye color, height • Forms bell shape when graphed • Intermediates are more common

  34. Human Heredity

  35. Human Chromosomes(one chromosome from mom and one from dad) • Karyotype – A picture of a person’s chromosomes • Shows genetic disorders • Shows gender • In humans • 1st -22nd pairs are called autosomes • 23rd pair are called sex chromosomes • Sex chromosomes are XY – males (BOY) (one large, one small) XX – females (two matching large) Image from: www.bioteach.ubc.ca

  36. Karyotypes Normal Female Normal Male

  37. Pedigree (used to trace traits)Look at the Pedigree and see if you can find the pictures that are represented on the Key Image from: www.uihealthcare.com/.../images/pedigree.jpg Key Who is affected with a trait? Who is unaffected? Who is married? Who are siblings? Sue, Joe, Jim and Tim Tom, Sara, Jeri, Lori, and Kay -Sara, Joe, and Jim -Tim and Lori -Tom and Sue -Jim and Kay

  38. Autosomal Recessive Alleles“Defect on chromosomes 1-22” • Lack an enzyme • necessary to • break down • Phenylalanine • Lack of pigment • Accumulation of mucus in • the lungs Albinism, Cystic Fibrosis, PKU, and Tay Sachs • Nervous tissue • deterioration

  39. Dominant Alleles disorder“one dominant allele needed to be expressed” • Deterioration of brain and nervous • system Achondroplasia and Huntington's Disease • Heads and limbs • not proportional • to body torso

  40. Chromosomal disorders“caused by nondisjunctions; chromosomes fail to separate” • Male has an extra X • chromosome • Extra 21st chromosome • Female missing • one X chromosome Down Syndrome, Turners, and Kleinfleters

  41. Chromosomal Disorders Karyotype Down Syndrome Kleinfleters Syndrome Turners Syndrome

  42. Sickle-Cell Disease(Both alleles are equally expressed) • Caused by codominant alleles • S - sickle blood • N – normal blood • More common in AfricanAmericans • Heterozygotes(NS) in Africa are immune to Malaria • Clumping of blood cells N S N NN NS S NS SS

  43. Sex-linked Genes • Found on sex chromosomes (Only on the X chromosome) • More often expressed in males than females **Why? Because males inherit the X chromosome from their mother Example: • Colorblindness • Hemophilia Image from: http://www.phschool.com/atschool/science_activity_library/images/red_green_colorblind.jpg

  44. Sex-Linked Genes Color blindness Hemophilia • Individuals have a hard time distinguishing • between colors • Individuals lack clotting factor in blood

  45. Biology – Second Quarter Review NC DPI Sample EOC Questions http://www.dpi.state.nc.us/accountability/testing/eoc/sampleitems/5

  46. Cellular respiration is carried out by which of the following? • A. all living organisms all of the time • B. animals but not plants • C. animals all of the time but plants only at night • D. heterotrophs but not autotrophs

  47. 2. Two students set up the following apparatus in a lab. A pipette was filled with a mixture of yeast and apple juice and inverted in a test tube filled with warm water. The students observed bubbles being released from the end of the pipette. Which of the following most likely represents the gas being released? A. carbon dioxide B. hydrogen peroxide C. oxygen D. nitrogen

  48. 3. Which of the following processes releases the most ATP per molecule of glucose for immediate cell use? A. aerobic respiration B. anaerobic respiration C. chemosynthesis D. photosynthesis

  49. 4. Which statement is true regarding asexual reproduction as a method of producing offspring? A. common among mammals B. not a method used by plants C. produces offspring that are genetically identical D. limited to unicellular organisms

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