Staa G a sta Gt atf a Sa aap

1. Sta?????a G???�a ???st???a G??t?? ???a?t?f???? ????a Sa� ?a?a??p?????

2. ??G??S  ?? ????a e??a? ??a? ?a?? ??d????? t?? ?e?t????? ?�e?????. ?ata?a��??e? �?a s??e?? ??tas? st? ??t?? ?e????, st? G??ate�??a ?a? st? �??e?a ?pe??se ?a? �??? d??f??e? ???sse? t?? ???ss???? ???????e?a? t?? ????a. ?? a??a??????? ?a? ?? e?e???t?? t?? ????a d?a??esa? t?? pe?????? p?? ???sa? ?? ?a?? t?? ????a se 3 ???e?- �??e?a, ?e?t????, ??t?a. ? ?e???af???, a?t?, d?a??es? s?�p?pte? ?a? �e t?? ???ss??? d?a??es?. ???? ap? t? ?at??t?s? t?? ?e????? ap? t??? ?spa???? ?? ????a e??a? a?apt??e? t?? ?a�p??te?? p???t?s�? t?? ??t???? ?�?sfa?????. ?s???sa? t? ?e????a, ??t??a? p?t???a sp?t?a ?a? p??a�?d?e?de?? ?a???, ?ate??????ta? t? ?a??? ?a? t? ???s? ?a? ???s?�?p????sa? �?a �??f? ?e?????f???? ??af??.

3. ?st???a ?? ???e? t?? p???t?s�?? t?? ????a ft????? p??? p?s? st?? p???st???a, p??a ap? ta 2000 p.?. ?p?? a?t?st???e? ? ???a??? pe???d??. ?et? a????e? ? ?????as??? pe???d?? p?? ????????e?ta? ap? t? 2000 p.?.-250 �.?. ???????e? ? ??as??? pe???d?? �???? t?1000 �.?. ????? ap? t? 1000-1540 ????????e?ta? ? ?eta??as??? pe???d??. ?a p??ta a??a???????? e???�ata ???????????ta? sta 7500 ?????a p.?. ????te?a e�fa??st??a? ?a? ???a p??? e?d?af????ta a?t??e?�e?a. Sta �?sa t?? ?????as???? pe???d?? e�fa?????ta? a??a??? st?? ?e??????? ?????t?te? p?? �a?t????? t?? a???? �?a? p?? p???p????? ?????????? d?�??, e?? ??p??e? ?atas?e??? �a? de?????? ?t? ?p???e ??a e?d?? s????????? e??as?a? ??t? ap? s???e?t??t??? d?????s?. ?at? t? 1200 p.?., ?? ???�????, ?, t?te, p?? p???de?�???? ?a?? t?? ?e?t????? ?�e????? ep???ase a??et? t??? ????a, af?? a?t?? ?ta? p?? s???�a?a? st? d??d?s? t?? t?p?? t?? ???????a? st?? ?�e????. ? p???t?s�?? t?? ????a s??e???e? ?a a?apt?sseta? ?a?da?a ?a? st?? ??as??? pe???d? ft??e? st? ap??e?? t?? a??pt???? t??. ????? t? 1000, ?�??, ?? p??e?? t?? ????a e??a? e??ata?e?f?e?. ?? ????? p?? ?d???sa? se ??t? t?t??? de? ????? d?e??????ste? ?a? �??? ?p???se?? ?a �p????sa�e ?a ?????�e. ?s?? ??spasa? e�f????? p??e�?? ? e�fa??st??a? e?s�??e??. ???�a, ?�??, �p??e? ?? ????a ?a ?????st??a? ap? t? p???p???? te?et??????? t?? p??? apa?t?t???? ???s?e?a? t???, ?a? ?ts? p??t?�?sa? ?a �???? ??a? ?a???????? t??p? ????. ?????, �et? t?? ?spa???? ?at??t?s? t? ?e?t???? t�?�a t?? ????a ????e ?ataf???? f???d??. ?? pe??ss?te??? ????a ?at?f??a? se ????? e????st?a??s�?? ?a? ap?de?at?st??a? ap? f?�e??? ep?d?�?e?, e?? s?�e?????a? a??et?? e?e???se?? e???t?a st?? ?atap?es? ?a? t?? ap????s�?.

4. ????????? & p???t??? ??????s? ? ???????a t?? ????a ?ta? ta???? ?a? ?p???e ??a e?d?? ????a???a? p?? ?ate??e t?? �e?a??te?? e???s?a. ? a??st???at?a, d??. ?? e??e?e??, e??a? �e???e? e?t?se?? ??? st?? ?d???t?s?a t???, d?a?e??????ta? t?? ? p???se?? t?? ???t??? ?a? e??a? t?? s?�a?t???te?e? ??se?? st?? st?at??t???? ?a? ???s?e?t???? t??e??. ?? e??e?e??, ?p?? e??a? f?s??? �??s??ta? st?? ????f? t?? ???????a? ?a? ?ta? ?? p???s??te??? ?�p????. ?????????sa? ?? ?????? p???te?, ? p?e????t?ta t?? p????s�??, p?? ?ta? e?e??e??? e???te?. ?p?st????a? t??? e??e?e??, t??? e�p?????, t??? ?e?e??, t??? st?at??te? ?a? t??? ?a???t???e?. ??a ?a?a?t???st??? t?? ????a ?ta? t? p???? t??? ??a t?? p??e�? ?a? ???s�???? ap� a?t??? �??s??ta? se s??e?? p??e�? �eta?? t???. ????? ?? ????a de? d?�??????sa? a?t???at???e?, ?a? ?at? t?? ?f??? t?? ?spa??? e?e? ?? p??e?? ??�e?????ta? ap? ??a? a????? p?? ?pa???e t? a???�? t?? ???????�???.

5. ??????�??? ??????s? ?? ????a as???sa?, ??????, t? ?e????a ?a? pa???a?a? ?a?a�p???, fas???a, ????????a, �a��???, ?a???, p?pe???? ?a? ?p???f??a. ?s??????ta?, ep?s??, �e t?? ?t???t??f?a, �?a? ?a? e??t?efa? ???s�??a ??a, ?p?? s??????, ?a??p???e? ?a? �???sse?. ???s�???? as???sa? t? ?????? ?a? t?? a??e?a. ?? e�p???? ?ta? p??? a?ept??�??? �eta?? ???t???? a??? ?a? �a?????? p??e??.

6. ????te?t????? & ast???p???s?  ? a ???t?a t?? �e????? p??e?? t??? pe????��a?a? �?a ????????a p?ate?a p?? pe??�a???ta? ap?�t?? t?e?? ? t?sse??? p?e???? t?? ap? te???t??? ??f??? ? e??d?e?. ?????? f???? a?t?? ?? p?ate?e? ?ta? ?t?s�??e? se te???t? ep?peda a?a??�ata. St?? ep?ped? ep?f??e?a t?? ????? p??a�?d?? ?t????ta? ?a??. St?? p?ate?e? ?p???a? ?a? ?a�???? p??a�?de? p?? ???s?�e?a? ??a �?se?? a?a?t???? �e p???? d?�?t?a p?? a???a?, ??????, se a??st????te?. ?a �???? ???t?a ap?te????ta? ap? �?a p?ate?a, ta �e???a, ?�??, e??a? a??et?? p?? ????pta? te??st?e? e?t?se??. ??a ???? ?a?a?t???st??? t?? p??e?? ?ta? t? ??ped? ?p?? pa????ta? t? p??? d?aded?�??? pa????d? t?? �p??a?.

7. ???s??? ? �??s???? p???t?s�?? t?? ????a ?ta? ap???ta s??dede�???? �e t??? a?t?st?????? t?? ????? ?a?? t?? ?e?t????? ?�e?????. ?p? ??p??e? ????st?? p???? p?? ?p?????? fa??eta? ?t? ? �??s??? pa??d?s? �etad?d?ta? p??f?????, ??a de? ?p???e ?a???a s?st?�a �??s???? s?�e????af?a?. ?? ???�a??? t??? ?ta? pe?t?f????e? ?a? ? �??s??? ?ta? ?????ta de�??? �e t? ???s?e?a ?a? t?? te?et?????e?. G?a t??? ????a ? �??s??? ?ta? ??a �?s? ep????????a? �e t??? ?e??? ?a? p?ste?a? p?? ?? ?e?? e?a???????ta? a? ?? te?et?? de? ?ta? ????e?. ? ????? e??e �??f? te?et?????a? ?a? �e t?? s?��et??? t?? ?�?da? ?d????se se ???s?e?t??? ??stas?. Ge????, ?�??, ? �??s??? t?? ????a a??? ?a? ???? t?? ??d????? d?a�??f????e �et? ap? p????? ep?d??se?? p?? d??t??e ap? t?? e???pa??? ?a? af???a???? �??s???. S?�e?a ?? ????a ???? se ???s�??e? pe?????? t?? ?�e????? ?a? as??????ta?, ??????, �e t? ?e????a. ???a? ep?s?�?? ??�a???a???????, ?�?? �e????? d?at????? a??�a t??, pa????, ???s?e?t???? t??? te?et?? se ????a?? pe??�?????. ? p???t?s�?? t??? ??e? ?p?ste? p???t?st??? d?e?sd?s?, ap? ta p??ta ?????a t?? ?spa????? ?at??t?s??. ??st????, ?? �p???t?s�????� ????pa??? ?ta? a?a?????a? t?? ?�e????, ?e???sa? t??? ?a??? t?? ap???t?st???- p???�a p?? ap??e? p??? ap? t?? p?a?�at???t?ta. ?ts?, ???p??, ?at?st?e?a? p???? ap? ta ep?te??�ata t???, ?s?? ap? ????a ?a? a?a???e?a ??at? a?t?? �??? �p??e? ?a e??a? ?? ????? p?? t??? ?d???sa? se ??t? t?t???. ?�e?? ?�?? a? ?????�e ?a e?�aste d??a???, p??pe? ?a pa?ade?t??�e ?t? ? p???t?s�?? t?? ????a e??a? ??a? ap? t??? p?? a?????????.

8. ?t?s�a t?? ????a ?? ????a e??a? ??a? ?a?? ??d????? t?? ?e?t????? ?�e?????. ?ata?a��??e? �?a s??e?? ??tas? st? ??t?? ?e????, st? G??ate�??a ?a? st? �??e?? ?pe??? ?a? �??? d??f??e? ???sse? t?? ???ss???? ???????e?a? t?? ????a. ?? a??a??????? ?a? ?? e?e???t?? t?? ????a d?a??esa? t?? pe?????? p?? ???sa? ?? ?a?? t?? ????a se 3 ???e?- �??e?a, ?e?t????, ??t?a. ? ?e???af???, a?t?, d?a??es? s?�p?pte? ?a? �e t?? ???ss??? d?a??es?. ? ??tas? t?? p???t?s�?? t?? ????a fa??eta? se a?t?? t? ???t? �e ??????? ??a��?. ? �a??? ??a��? de???e? t?? s??????? ep??tas? t?? ?es?a�e???a????? p???t?s�??. ?e ????? s?�e?????ta? t?p??es?e? t?? ??ass???? pe???d?? ?a? �e tet?????? a?t?? t?? ?eta??ass???? ???? ap? t? ?at??t?s? t?? ?e????? ap? t??? ?spa???? ?? ????a e??a? a?apt??e? t?? ?a�p??te?? p???t?s�? t?? ??t???? ?�?sfa?????. ?s???sa? t? ?e????a, ??t??a? p?t???a sp?t?a ?a? p??a�?d?e?de?? ?a???, ?ate??????ta? t? ?a??? ?a? t? ???s?, ??????a? t?? ?fa?t?????a ?a? ???s?�?p????sa? �?a �??f? ?e?????f???? ??af??. ?? ???e? t?? p???t?s�?? t?? ????a ft????? p??? p?s? st?? p???st???a, p??a ap? ta 2000 p.?. ?p?? a?t?st???e? ? ???a??? pe???d??. ?et? a????e? ? ?????as??? pe???d?? p?? ????????e?ta? ap? t? 2000 p.?. 250 �.?. ???????e? ? ??as??? pe???d?? �???? t? 1000 �.?. ????? ap? t? 1000-1540 ????????e?ta? ? ?eta??as??? pe???d??.

9. St? ?? t?? ??d????? ????a ??a ???a pa??�??f? ?a? s???????? p???t??a?? ???e? de??? a????�ata st??? e?ast?? t?? pe??p?te?a? ?a? t?? a???st??. ??a? t?p?? p?? ape????eta? ??? se ap???? t????ste?, a??? se p?a?�at????? ta??de?t?? t?? ??e????, p?? ?????? ?a ??s??? ap? ???t? t?? ????a f?s?, ta ??a, ta sp???a p?????, t?? a??a?e? p??e?? t?? ????a ?a? ?a a?a?a?????? ??a ?a? p?? ??at? a??�? ???ta?? t?? p???t?s�? t?? p??????? t??. ? G??ate�??a �??s?eta? st?? ?e?t???? ?�e????. ???? ap? 25 ?fa?ste?a �??s???ta? d??spa?ta st? ?? t?? ?? a??et? e??a? a??�? e?e???. ?? ?daf?? t?? ???a? e??a? ????�? ?a? se a?t? ?a???e??e?ta? ?af??, ?a???, f???ta, ?a?a?????a�? ?a? ???da�?. ?? �??e?? �???? ?ata?a��??eta? ap? t? �a??ped? t?? ?et??. ??e? �??s?eta? t? �e?a??te?? te?et??????? ???t?? t?? ????a, ? a??a?a p??? ?????. ???? ap? t? �?s? t?? p????s�?? t?? G??ate�??a? e??a? ?est???? ? ?a?t????, a?t?? d??ad? p?? �????? t?? ?spa???? ???ssa ?a? e??a? �?s?? ??d????? ?a? �?s?? ?spa???. ?? ???? 50% t?? ?at????? e??a? ???s??? ap?????? t?? ????a. ?? sp??da??te?e? f???? e??a? ? ??ts?, ? ?a?ts???? ?a? ? ?e?ts?. ?? ?a? ep?s?�? ???ssa e??a? ? ?spa????, ? p?e????f?a t?? f???? t?? ????a �??? s?????a ??p??a ap? t?? 21 d?a???t??? ?? e????st?? e??a? e?e???? p?? �p????? ?a �???s??? ?a?a?? ?spa????. ?? f???? t?? ????a ???? ap? t? ?e????a ?a? t? ?e???te???a. ?a pe??f?�a ?fa?t? t??? ?e???????? ap? pe????? se pe????? ?a? �p????�e ?????sta ?a a?a?????s??�e t?? t?p? ?atas?e??? t??? ap? ta s??d?a ?a? ta ???�ata.

10. G????????? S??? ? p??te???sa t?? G??ate�??a? e??a? ? �e?a??te?? ast??? ?????t?ta st?? ?e?t???? ?�e????. ??te??eta? se �?a ep?ped? ??tas? a??�esa se �???? ?a? ?a??d?e?. ? p???? p??e?d?�?a ?a? t? ??f?? �p??e? ?a sa? ??�?s??? t?? p??? t?? ?e?????. ?,t? ?? a? ???e, ??a �??a ? p??? t?? G??ate�??a? ??e? ??a e?te??? ?e????st? ???�a. ??e? e?da�e sa??�a?a ?e?f??e?a ?a �?????????? �?sa se p???? s???efa ap? ?t??e? ?a? ?a a???�a???? ??a ?a �a?????? ?s??? pe??ss?te???? ep?�?te? ???eta?. ?p???e? �?a ??t??? a?t??es?, p?? p???a?e? s??. ??af???�a? st?? e?t?p?s?a?? Zona Viva, t? s??????a �e ta p???te?? ?e??d??e?a, ta a???�? est?at???a ?a? ta �??t???a clubs, ?a? ap? t?? ????, st?? ?t?p?�??e? ap? t? ft??e?a pa?a????p??e??, p?? �?????? epa????t?? ?a? �eta?ast??. ?? p??t? p???�a p?? ???a�e �e t? p?? ft?sa�e st? G??ate�??a S?t? ?ta? ?a �p??�e se ??a ap? a?t? ta �e???a a????t? ?e?f??e?a ??a �?a �??ta, ?ste ?a ta d??�e ??a ap? ???t?. ?? t???? t?? d?ad??�?? �?? �???e st?? Plaza de la Constituci�n, t? �e???? ?e?t???? p?ate?a t?? p????. ?p?? ????ste s?��a??e? ?a? se ??a ta ast??? ???t?a, ??a a??????? ?a? te?e?????? st?? ?e?t???? p?ate?a. ?�asta? ???p?? t??e???. ????a?? st? G??ate�??a S?t?. ?a? ?? e????e? p?a?�at??? e?t?p?s?a???: ??a ?a??? pa??????, p?? ?�??? t??, p?ste??, p?? d?s???a �p??e? ?a s??a?t?se? ??p???? se ast??? p??te???sa. ???p??ta? ??a a?t?, s?eft?�???: �Te? �??, a? ?ts? e??a? ? G??ate�??a S?t?, t? ???? ????? ?a d??? ta �?t?a �a? st?? ?p????p? ???a;�. ?a? ?a fa?taste?te ?t? se ????? t??? ?d?????, a??? ?a? sta p??te???�e?a ta??d?a st? G??ate�??a, ? p??te???sa ?e??e?ta? ap??? t?p?? d?a???t??e?s?? ??a t? s????e?a t?? ?p????p?? ta??d???.

11. ?O????S S??????F???S ???ste ???s�??a ?a?a?t???st??? p?? p??pe? ?a ??????ete ??a t??? ?at?????? t?? ???a?. ? e????e?a pa??e? t?? p??t? ?a? ????a??? ???? st?? s???t?se?? �eta?? t???. ?ta? a????e?? ?a t??? �????, ?e????? �e t?? ?a??et?s�? �?p?????? ?t?a?� (?a??�??a) ? �?p????a? t??de?� (?a??sp??a). ?p?s??, ?ta? �pa??e?? se ??a est?at????, ?a?? e??a? ?a e????e?? se ????? t??? pa?e???s??�e???? �?a?? ??e??� (buen provecho). ?a? t??a p??s??te... ? G??ate�??a e??a? ??a? s?et??? ???? p?????s�?? ??a t??? ta??d??te?. ?a te?e?ta?a ?????a ?????f????se ? f?�? ?t? p????? t????ste?, ?a? e?d??? ???a??e?, ap??a?a? pa?d??, �e s??p? ?a ta �e?a??s??? sa? d??? t??? ? a??�? ?a? ??a e�p???? ???????. ?�e?? s??a?t?sa�e ?t?p???? p?? ?ta? e?a??et??? ?a??p?pt?? �e t?? f?t???af???? �??a???. ?? f?????? ????se?? p??? ta pa?d?? t??? ?a? ?d?a?te?a p??? ta ????ts???a, ?a?? ?a e??a? ?a ap?fe????ta?. ?p?????? pa?ade??�ata t????st?? p?? ??????p????a? �???? ?a??t?? ?ta? ????sa? ?a f?t???af????? pa?d??. ?? ??d????? ????a ap?fe????? �e e??e???? t??p? t?? f?t???af?e?. ?e ??a �???? f???d???�a, ?s?? sa? ep?st?????? ?a apa?a?at?sete �e????? p??e?, p??ta ?�?? ????ta? ??t?se? t?? ?de?? t???. ?? ???a??e? t?? ????a ap?fe????? t? ?e??a??a, a??? ?a? t?? epaf? �e ????st??? ??d?e?. Ge????, ap' ?,t? ?at??a�a, e??a? ??e?st?? ?????p?? ?a? p??pe? ?a t??? a?t?�et?p????�e p??se?t??? ?a? �e e?a?s??s?a. ?�e?? a?t? a???�?? ???a�e. ?e p??se?t??? �?�ata, �e ???? p???a ?a? a??et? ?p?�???, ?ataf??a�e ?a ?????�e -?st? ?a? ??a ????- �???? t?? �e????? pa??a?. ??t? p?? �e e?t?p?s?ase st??? ?t?p???? ?ta? t? p?s? p??se?a? t?? e??te???? t??? e�f???s?. ???a? ?a?a?t???st??? t?? ???a? ?t? a??�? ?a? ?? p?? ft???? ?????? ?,t? �p????? ??a ?a de?????? a???p?epe??. ?a?at???sa, ???p??, p?? ???ta?a? t??? t????ste? p??, a? ?a? ??de?a? de??? ?? a??ste?? ta ???�at? t???, e�fa??s?a?? ?ta? ape??p???t??. ??t? e??a? ??t? p??, ?p?? �?? e?pe ? ?e?a??? �??, de? t? a?????ta? st? G??ate�??a. ??t?? ?�?? ap? a?t? p?? sa? pe?????f?, d??ad? t?? ????a??t??? e?d????a?? at�?sfa??a t?? p????, �e ta pa?ad?s?a?? ?pa????a est?at???a, ta p???? e�p????? �a?a????a st? se??? ?a? t? ???st? p?a ??f?p??a?? t?? ????ts??? st??? ???? d??�???, ?p???e ??t? p?? p?a?�at??? �e s???????se: te?et?? e?a???s�??, ???ta??, �p??st? sta �?t?a �a?. ? ?e?a??? �?? e?pe ?t? ?ta? ??t? s?????s�??? -????ste ?a? ?? te?et?? t?? ????a e??a? ?a??? ?a?a?t??a- a??? e??, epe?d? de? e??a pa?a???????se? p?t? ??t? pa??�???, p?a?�at??? s??a??st??a. ?ta? ???p?? ??a ?a af?s??�e t?? p??te???sa. ??? ep?�e?? ?�??a ?a ta??de?a�e st? ?s?ts??aste?????, ??a ?a �????�e �e p???? t??p? ????? �pa?t???e?� ?? ??a?e?e?? ??d????? t?? ?a??????s�? �e t?? p???t?s�? t?? ????a.

12. ?S?-?S? ?? ?s?ts??aste?????, ?, a? ???ete, t? �????? �e t?? ts?????de?�, ?p?? s?�a??e? sta ??d?????a, e??a? t? ??e??? ???e ta??de?t?. ???a? t? �???? p?? se �??e? ??a ta ?a?? st?? ?st???a, t?? p???t?s�?, ta ??? ?a? ta ???�a e??? ?a??. ???s?eta? se ???�et?? 2.000 �., se ap?stas? 80 ??�. ap? t? G??ate�??a S?t?. ???a? d??s?�? ??a t?? a???? t?? p???? p?? d????a???eta? ???e ??�pt? ?a? ????a??, �?a a???? p?? ?�??? t?? de? e??a�e s??a?t?se? p?t? ?a?? se ?a???a ta??d? �a?. St? ?s?ts?, ?p?? t? ap??a???? ?? ?t?p???, pe??sa�e t?? pe??ss?te?e? �??e? t?? ta??d??? �a? st?? ?e?t???? G??ate�??a. ?et? t?? ?at??t?s? ap? t?? ??d?? ?te ??�a??d?, ?? ?e?ap?st???? p??sp???sa? ?a p??s???t?s??? t??? ?t?p???? ??a?e?e?? ?a? ?a a?t?st????s??? t??? ?e??? t?? ????a �e t??? a????? t?? ???st?a???. ?a?' ??e? t?? p??sp??e?e? p?? ?at?�a?a?, de? ?at?fe?a? te???? ?a t??? e�p?d?s??? ?a ?at?e???? t??? a????? �e ??a? e?te??? d??? t??? t??p?, e?s?�at????ta? st? te?et??????? a??????a st???e?a �a?e?a? ?a? p??se????. ?p??e? st?? p??te???sa ?? e????s?e? ?a e??a? t?p???? ?a???????, ?st?s?, st?? epa???a p???? st???e?a st? d?a??s�?s? t??? p???????ta? ap? t?? a??a?a ???s?e?a, ?p?? ??????d?a ?a?a�p????? ?a? �?st???st??? s?��??a. ???a? st??�??e? �e pe???�e???e? ?a? sp????? ?a?a�p????? ??a t? ????�?t?ta, e?? ?e??? ?a??e st? p?t?�a e?? �??�?? t?? ?e???? ?a? ?? p??s????t?? ???at?st??, �e ta ?e??? �p??st? t???, �???�???????? pa?a??st????, �a????? p??se????. ?f?sa ??a ???? t? ???s?e?a ?a? t?? �??ad???? e????e? ap? t?? e????s?a t?? ????? T?�? ?a? ?????a sta ste?? d??�???a t?? a?????. ?e?p?t?sa �?sa st?? a???? ?? ?f?sa ta �?t?a �?? ?a ta??d????? st?? p??????�e? �??p??� �p????e? t?? ???a???? �e t?? �a????? ?fa?t?? f??ste?, p?? d????? �e t? ???? �f??a� ?a? t?? ??�?? es??pa. St??? ??d?e?, t? �??��a t?a�??? ta p??????�a p????�?sa �e t?? ?fa?t? ???? ?a? ta ??????t?ta �p??f?? �e ta �?st???st??? s??d?a t?? ????a ?a? f?s??? t? apa?a?t?t? ?ap???. ?s?ts??aste?????� ??a ????? p?? ?e�??e? ap? ?????de? p??????�a e�p??e?�ata. ?e?p?t?sa ap? t?? a??? t?? a????? ?a? e?da ?a p?????e ?fa?t?, ???�??te?, �p????e? ?e?t?�??e?, es??pe?, ???????pta ?a? �?s?e? a????, a?t??e? ?a? ?a??????a ?p?a, ?e?a�???, ts??te? p?e?t?? se d??f??a s??d?a, ??s�?�ata ap? ?ept?? ???t?e? p???t?�?? ?ef??t? se p???p?????? s??d?as�???, ?e?t?�ata, t?ape??�??t??a, a???e? ???�at?st??, �??s??? ???a?a... ?? ??a a?t? se ap?ste?ta ?a??? t?�??!

13. ??S????? ????? Sta ???a t?? ?s?ts??aste????? ?a? se ap?stas? pe??p?? 2 ??�., �??s?eta? �?a ?e?? p?t?a p??? t?�?? t?? ????a ?e?? t?? G??. ?? ?t?p??? ?e????? p?? e??a? ?a?�at????? ?a? p?a?�at?p??e? e????, p?? ?????ta? e?te ??a ?a?? e?te ??a ?a?? -e�e?? ?a t? ???a�e ��a??? �a?e?a�. ???a? ? t?p?? ?p?? ??d?e? ?a? ???a??e? ??t??? ?a ????s??? ap? t?? a?ap?�??? t???, ?a pe??se? t? pa?d? t??? st?? e?et?se??, ?a p??e? a???st?a ? ?e?t??a? ?a? ?????de? ???a t?t??a, s?�a?? ?a? ?e???a, p?? a?a??????? t?? ??s�? ?a ?atafe??e? se ??se?? ap? ??a? ???? ??s�?. ?p??st? st?? p?t?a, ?? ?e?e?? t?? a??a?a? ???s?e?a? ??s?????? ??t?p???a ?a? p??sf????? ??�?s�ata, ??????d?a, f???ta, ??�???, a??�? ?a? Coca-Cola ?a? ts????a. ? ???????p ?a???, ? ?e?? t?? ??? t?? ????a, de??ta? t?? ??s?e? e??? ?e??a ?a? �?a? �ts??-ts?a???e?�, p?? p??s?fe?e d??f??a p?????ta p???e?�???? ?a ???e? t? a?t?�? t?? de?t? ap? t??? ?e???. ? ???a??a a?t? e??e ??t?se? ?a p??e? ?a?? ??a p??? ???t???, s???e???? t?? p??s?p?. ?? ??at?, de? �a? af????se. ?? e?d?af????, ?�??, ?ta? t? p?? ???eta? ? pa?????s? st??? ?e???. ?a?at????sa t? ???a??a ?a ta?a?p??e?ta?. ? �????-?e??a? t?? ?�a?e ap?ste?te? d???�as?e?, ?? ?p??e?, ?p?? �?? e?pa?, e??a? 100% s?????s�??e?. ?e?pat??se sta ???ata, de??ta? t? ???s?�? ap? t? st?�a t?? �???? ?a? s??e??? ??????se ???? ap? t?? p?t?a t?? ?as????? ?�p??, ??t??ta? ?a ???e? de?t? ? p??se??? ?a? t? a?t?�? t??. ??a a?t? ?????ta? st?? a??a?a ???ssa t?? ????a.

14. ???F?????S - ?? ????F?????S ??t?sa t? s???�a??e ?? ? ?e?a??? �?? e?pe ?t? ep?st?efa? ?? ???s?e?t???? ade?f?t?te? st?? e????s?a t?? ????? T?�?. ???, t???se, ?t? apa???e??ta? a?st??? ? �??te?s??p?s?. ?e p???? p??s??? ft?sa�e t?????ta? st?? e????s?a ?a? pa?a???????sa�e �e ??��??? t?? a??sa ??? t? te?et???????, t?? te?et?? t?? ???f?ad?a?. ? ???s?e?t??? ??? t?? p???? e??a? s???e?t??�??? se ???s?e?t???? ade?f?t?te?, ???st?? ?? ???f?ad?a?. ?? ?a e?sa? �???? t??? e??a? p????�??, e?? t? ?a e??e?e?? a?????? ap?te?e? t? �???st? t?�?. ?a?e�?a ap? t?? 14 ade?f?t?te? t?? ?s?ts? ??e? ??a? p??st?t?-????. ?s????te?? e??a? a?t? t?? ????? T?�?, p??st?t? t?? p????. ???e ????a?? ap??e?�a, ?? ade?f?t?te? pa?e?a????? p??? t?? e????s?a, �e t??? a??te???? ?a f????? ta ?e?? ??sa, p?? de?????? t? a???�? t???. ??s? t??? a????????? ta �??? p?? ???�a???? ??a? te??st?? as?�???? sta??? ? e?????s�ata �e t?? ????-p??st?t? t???. ??a t?�pa?? ?? ??a f????t? -�e????? f???? ?a? ??p??a �??t???a ???a?a- �p??e? ?a s???de???? t?? p??e?a. Se p????? pe??pt?se??, a??????ta? p???�???s�?? ?a? p???te???�ata. ?p?? ?ata?a�a??ete, ??t? t?t??? pa?a???????sa�e ?? e�e??. S???? a?t?????a�e ??p????? ?t?�????? �e ?�??fa ????a p?? e??a? st???e?a t?? ????a ?a? t?? ?spa??? ?????stad??e?. ????e?ta? ??a �?s?e? ?a? pa?ad?s?a?? ??st??�?a p?? a?apa??st??? ??????? t?? �a?????? pa?e????t??.

15. ????G???? ? ??t?????a ?d?????e st?? 10 ?a?t??? t?? 1543 st?? ?????da t?? ?a????. ? ?????? t?? ??d????? ?a?ts???? ??e? ?t? ??p?te ?ta? ??�??. ?e??�???eta? ap? ta ep?�??t??? ?a? pa?????a ?fa?ste?a ????a, F????? ?a? ??ate???? ?a? �??s?eta? sta 1.530 �. ????. ???a? ?s?? ? ?�??f?te?? p??? t?? ?e?t????? ?�e?????. ???s?p???, p?ste?? ?t? s??a?????eta? t? ???s?? t?? ?e??? ?a? t?? ?a???a t?? ?e?????. ?a??�e??e p??te???sa �???? t? 1773. ??te ??a? ?atast??f???? se?s�?? t?? ?s?p?d?se ?? ?d?se t? ??s? t?? p??te???sa? st? G??ate�??a S?t?.

16. Maya ???s?e?a ? pa?ad?s?a?? ???s?e?a t?? ????a t?? d?t???? ??d???a, G??ate�??a, ?pe???, ?a? t? ?e???? (?s??pa? ?a? G????at??) e??a? �?a pa?a??a?? t?? ??t??a?at????? Mesoamerican ???s?e?a?. ?p?? ??a ta s??????a Mesoamerican ???s?e?e?, p????pte? ap? a???e? s?��??s? �e t? ??�a???a??????. ?ta? s?�pe????f???? p??-?spa???? p???????? t??, ?st?s?, pa?ad?s?a?? ???s?e?a t?? ????a, ?p?? �?a e�fa??? d?af??et??? fa???�e??, ?p???e? ?d? ??a pe??ss?te?? ap? d?? ????et?e?. ???? ap? t?? ??e?s? t?? ???st?a??s�??, ?a e??e ???�a???e? se p????? a?t?????e? �as??e?a, ??a �e t?? d???? t?? t?p???? pa?ad?se?? t???. S?�e?a, s???p???e? ?a? a????ep?d?? �e pa?e???pa??? ????a? s?????t?s�??, t?? �e? ???? a?a?????? t?? pa??d?s??� ap? t? ????a ????�at??, ?a? t?? ???st?a??s�?? se d??f??a ?a?t???�?s�ata t??.

17. ???se??? ????a p??se??? s?ed?? p??t?te s???de?e? t?? p???e?? p??sf???? ?a? ??s?a?. 13 ] These prayers, with their hypnotizing scansion, often show a dyadic couplet structure which has also been recognized in Classic period texts. [ 14 ] The earliest prayers recorded in European script are in Quich�, and are embedded in the creation myths of the Popol Vuh. ?a???e? s???? t? �??f? t?? �e????? ??ta?e?e?, st?? ?p??e? ta ???�ata t?? p??s?p?p???�??? ?�e???, ?????, ta ?a?a?t???st??? t?? t?p??? p?? s??d???ta? �e ?st????? ? �????? ?e????ta, ?a? ta �???? e??a? ?d?a?te?a e�fa??. [13] ??t?? ?? p??se????, �e �et???? a????s? st???? t??? ?p??t?st????, s???? e�fa?????? d?ad???? d?�?? d?st??? p?? ??e? ep?s?? a?a?????ste? se ??as??? ?e?�e?a t?? pe???d??. [14] ?? p??te? p??se???? p?? ?ata???f??ta? st? e???pa??? se????? e??a? ???, ?a? e??a? e?s?�at?�??a st??? �????? d?�??????a t?? Popol Vuh. prayermakers ???s�??e? ?????t?te? t?? ????a? st?? �??e??d?t??? ???peda t?? G??ate�??a? ????? �?a e?e?d??e?�??? ?�?da t?? �.

18. ???????? ?at?e?a? G??? st? 1500 �.?., �e ta ap?tef??�??a ap?�e?????a t?? (a?se????), ta �??? t?? ?????e?e?a? a???s?�e??te? Yucatec ?ta? ??e?s�??? se ?????e? e????e? ?? ?p??e?, �a?? �e ta �e?d??a�, t?p??et????a? st? �?�? sp?t?, ?a? te?et??????? t??f??ta? �e ??e? t?? ????t??? ??a??a?t???, ?ta? t?p??et???ta? se ??a d??e??, ?a? ??a? ?a?? ?t?st??e se a?t?? (Landa). 34 ] In Classic courts, tombs are found integrated in the residences of the nobility, and, in the case of royal families, in funeral pyramids. St?? Verapaz, ??a ??a?�a t?? ?e???? �as???? e??e d?ate?e? st?? taf???? t?��?? t??, ? ?p??a st? s????e?a ????e t?p?? ?at?e?a?. [34] St?? ??as??? d??ast???a, t?f?? �??s???ta? e?s?�at??e? st?? ?at????e? t?? e??e???, ?a?, st?? pe??pt?s? t?? �as?????? ?????e?e???, st?? ??de?a p??a�?de?. 35 ] Reliefs from the Classic kingdom of Yaxchilan show that royal ancestors were sometimes approached during bloodletting rituals and then appeared to their descendants, emerging from the mouth of a terrestrial serpent (which has been nicknamed ' Vision Serpent '). ??t?? ap? t?? p???????? t??? pa?a�??e? ?e?? d?s�e? p?? ?f?se ? p??????? ?ta? ep?s?? ??a a?t??e?�e?? t?? ?at?e?a. [35] ?e???e?a??? ap? t?? ??as??? �as??e?? t?? Yaxchilan de?????? ?t? ? �as????? p??????? ?ta? e???te p??s????se ?at? t? d????e?a t?? a?�at???s?a? te?et??????? ?a? st? s????e?a f????e ?a t??? ap??????? t???, p?? p????pt??? ap? t?? st?�?? e??? ep??e??? f?d? (? ?p???? e??e t? p??s???�?? � Vision F?d? �).

19. ?a?t??? ?p?? ?a? ??e? ?? ???e? ?a??????e?e? Mesoamerica , ? ????a ???s?�?p???se ??a 260-?�e??? ?�e??????? , p?? s?????? a?af??eta? ?? tzolkin . ?? �???? t?? e? ???? ?�e??????a??? s?�p?pte? �e t? �?s? d????e?a t?? a????p???? ???s??. ? s??p?? t?? ?ta? (?a? e?a??????e? ?a e??a?) ?a pa???e? ?a??d???s? st? ??? �?sa ap? �?a e??tas? t?? s??d?as�???? pt???? t?? 20 ?�e??? p?? ???�??eta? ?a? 13 a???�???, ?a? ?a ep?s?�a??e? t?? ?�??e? ?at? t?? ?p??e? ??s?????? sta ?e?? a???�? e?d???? �(?pe???�????ta? t?? a???�? t?? ?e?t?t?? Classic f????) ?a �p????se ?a ?d???se? sta ep???�?t? ap?te??s�ata. K'iche � daykeepers ???s? ????pa????a ??a ?a �????se? ?a ??�?ste ?a? ?a e??�e???e? t?? ?????e? t?? ?�e???. ?? �?? �??e? ?ta? s?????? ?e?p???�???? ?a? ep??a??st??e Lordships�. ? ?e???? Yucatec ???? �?e??a?� (a? k'in) p?? a?af??eta? p?? s???e???�??a st?? ?ata�?t??s? t?? ?�e???. The mantic ?�e??????? ??e? ap?de???e? ?t? e??a? ?d?a?te?a a??e?t??? st? onslaughts t?? ?????? (d??ad?, t?? ap????a??? ?atap?es??, ? f??e?e??e??s�??, ethnocide ?a? e?e??e?? a????). S?�e?a, ??a � daykeeper �(�a?t??? ?e??a?) �p??e? ?a sta?e? �p??st? ap? �?a p???a???, ?a? p??se????ta? st? Maya se f??e?? ?p?? t? 260 ?�??e?? ? ?a?d??????? ?ate????se??? ?? p??????? t?? pa???t??? s?�a?t???? p??e?? t?? ????a ?a? t??? a??a?????????? ??????? ??�?e?, ta sp??a?a , ? ?fa?ste?a? ?a? ?e?t?te? ap? t? Popol Vuh. ?? ?????p?? ?????ta? ep?s?? se a?t?? t?? daykeepers ?a ???ete ??a ta ???�ata �????, t?? ?�e??�???e? ??�?? ?a? ???e? e?d???? pe??pt?se??. ?a?t???? te?????? p?? pe???a��????? t? ???? ?a? t?? ?ata�?t??s? t?? sp???? p??? sp???, ???sta??a, ?a? ta fas???a, ?a? st? pa?e????, ep?s?? - e?t?? ap? t? �?t??s? - ???t????ta? se ??a �a???? ?a???ft?, ?a? t?? e??tas? t?? d?af???? e?d?? s?�e??? ( ?????? ) d??eta? ap? pt???? ?at? t? d????e?a t?? pe???d?? Classic , e????e? t?? pt???? a?t?? ???s?�?p??????a? ?? logograms ??a t?? �e?a??te?e? ???????? pe???d???.

20. ? a??a?a ?st???a t?? ????a?� ? pe??f?�? f??? t?? ????a, ?f?se �?a pa???s�?a p???t?st??? ???????�??, s???�a ?a? p???? pa???e?a �?st??? ?a?? f??a?�??a st? ?????. ??t?? ? p???t?s�?? ?at?fe?e ?a d?�??????se? e?p???t??? ???a sta �??? t?? ??????a?, st? ?e?s???s? t?? G????at??, ????? �etaf????? �?sa ? d??�???. ???e p?t?a ?????e 20 t?????. ??, ?�??, ??t?sa? p??a�?de?, a???t??a ?a? ?a???, p?? �??? ?a?�as�? ?a? d??? p???a????.?p? t? G??ate�??a �???? t? ?e????, ?? ????a, ed? ?a? d??�?s? ?????de? ?????a, ??????t?sa? t??? s?�pa?t????? ??�??? ?a? ?p?????sa? �e �a??�at??? a???�e?a t?? ????se?? t?? p?a??t?? t?? ???a??? �a? s?st?�at?? ?a? ?ft?a?a? ??a a???�?stat? ?�e??????? p?? sta�at? st?? 22 ?e?e��???? 2012!

21. ?? e?e???t?? Eric ?a? Craig Umland ???f??? �eta?? ????? st? �?�??? t??? �??S????? ??? ??? ??????????� e?d?se?? O????. �?? ????a p?????? a???e? p??? ap? �a? d?at?p?sa? p??? st?? ep???af?? t??? p?? t? p?a?�at??? ?t?? ap?te?e?ta? ap? 365 �??e?. ???? ?? ???se?? t?? ????a de? sta�at??? ed?. ??t?? ap? t? ???a?? ?t??, ?p?????sa? t? se????a?? ?a? t?? ????se?? t?? ?f??d?t??, p??t?te �e �?a ?atap???t??? a???�e?a, p?? apa?te? �???a?a ???s? pe??p????? ???????�. ?? s????afe?? ???p?? ?ata?????? sta ???s?�a e??t?�ata: �??? �p??esa? ?? ????a ?a ?????? t?t????? ?p?????s�??????????�. ?? s????afe?? ???p?? ?ata?????? sta ???s?�a e??t?�ata: �??? �p??esa? ?? ????a ?a ?????? t?t????? ?p?????s�??? a???�e?a?; ???? �e t?? ?e?at??? pa??d?s?; ?? a?t?p??s?pe?e? ? pe??f?�? ?????ta ?te? S?? (? ???? t?? ?????) st? ??a???a????;�.?sfa??? ta ?a?a?t???st??? t?? ????a de? �??????? �e t??? ?????? ?a??? t?? ?e?t????? ?�e????? p.?. ??t????, ???t????, ???a? ?t?.. ?p???e? �?a d?af??? st? ?at?e?a t?? ?e??, a??? ?a? st?? a?a?????? �a??�at???? ?a? ast????�???? ???se??.

22. ?? �?st??? t?? ????a Se ??a ?a? t?? ????a ?p???e? �?a ep???af? p?? ??e? t?t?? �? ??????S ??????S ??S??S ?O? ??G??�. ?? ?p????p? ?e?�e?? d?st???? de? . ??p?? ?? ????a ???a? ??p?te ap? ??p?? p??? �a????; ?? Eric ?a? Craig Umland ?p?st??????? �e saf??e?a ?t? ?? ????a ?at????ta? ap? ???? p?a??t?. �...???a? s?ed?? �?�a?? p?? ?? ????a e??atast????a? p??ta st? Se????, p??? d???�?s??? ?a p??s??s??? t? G?�.??�a?a, p???? ?e?�e?a ?a? �?�??a t?? ????a ?atast??f??a? ap? t??? ?spa???? ?ata?t?t??. ??t? p?? s????ta? e??a? ?? p?t???e? ep???af?? se �??�e?a ?a? a???�ata, ap? t?? ?p??e? ?? e?e???t?? de? �p??esa? ?a d?s??? te????? e????se??. �?a ?e?�e?a t?? ????a�, ???fe? ? Eric Umland, �a?t? ?a f?t?????, �pe?de???? a??�a pe??ss?te?? t? p??�??�a. ?p?????? s?�e?a d?? e?at?��???a ????a p?? ???? st?? ?e?t???? ?�e????, �????? �?a ???ssa p?? pa???s???eta? se ?????de? ep???af?? - ?? ?�??, a?t?? ?? ep???af?? �??? ?at? ??a �???? ????? ap????pt???af??e? (...) ??a ???? �?st???? e??a? ?t? ?? ????a a??????a? ?a p??e�?s??? e???t?a st??? ?spa???? ?ata?t?t??, e?? ?? ??t???? ?a? ?? ???a? p?? a?t?st????a?, ???????a? ?a? ?atast??f??a?. ?? ??a?e t?? ???t?? ?� ap?f??e? �?a s??????s? �e t??? ????a; ??? ?at?fe?a? ?? ????a, ???��???? �?sa st? ??????a, ?a e?afa??st??? ap? t? p??s?p? t?? ?st???a? ??a t?e?? ?????????? a???e?;�.

23. ?? t???? t?? ??s�?? ??a ???? a???s?�e??t? ?e????? e??a? t? ?�e??????? t?? ????a, �?sa ap? t? ?p??? ?ata???feta? ? p??e?a t?? a????p???? ??????. ?a ?t?s�at? t??? e??a? ??a �a??�at??? ?a? ?e?�et???? p??sa?at???s�? se s??s? �e t? ???a?? s?st?�a ?a? t??? aste??s�???. ?? pe??f?�? ?�e??????? t?? ????a te?e???e? t? ?e??��??? t?? 2012. G?at?; ??p?? ?a ???e? ? s??t??e?a t?? ??s�??; ??p?? t? ???s?�? t?? ????? ?a f??e? pa???s�?e? ?atast??f??; ??a? p???????? p??e�??; ??p???? aste??e?d?? ?a ?t?p?se? t? ?? �e ap?t??es�a t? t???? t?? ???? st?? p?a??t? �a?; ????p??se?t? e??a? t? ?e????? ?t? ap? ta ?e?�e?a t?? ????a, ??e? ?? a?af???? ap? t?? p??te???sa ?ts?? ?t?? �???? t? G????at??, ???e ?t? ? s?�ad?a?? ?�e??�???a 2012, ?a a????e? ???st??? t?? a????p??? p???t?s�?.

24. ? ?a�???? p?a??t?? ?? ??G?? ??t?sa? p??a�?de?, �e �a??�at???? �?se?? ?a? ast????�??? ???t???a. ?sfa??? �e ??a �??ad??? ?a? ?d?a?te?? t??p?. ?e? �??????? �e t??? ?????? ?a??? t?? p?a??t? �a?. ????, t? ???eta? �e t?? ?ata???? t???; ?p? p?? ???a? ?? ????a; ??te p?a?�at??? ?e???? ? ?st???a t???;�?? a????�a t?? ?ata????? t?? ????a�, ???fe? ? Eric Umland, �???eta? a??�a p?? a??s???t???, ap? t? ?e????? p?? ? p???t?s�?? t??? ?epe???e? ?at? p??? t? �?s? p???t?st??? ep?ped? t?? ????? a??a??? ?a?? t?? p?a??t? �a?. ?p? p?? p???????????a; 3 sa? ?a �?? a????????? t?? ????? e?e???t??? ???�? t?? G??. ?? e?e???t?? t?? d?ast?�at?? ????? ap?de??e? p?? se ?a???a? ap? t??? p?a??te? t?? ???a??? �a? s?st?�at?? de? ?p???e? e?e???�???? p???t?s�??. ???? a?t? s???�a??e p??t?te; ??p?? ?p???e ??? ?a? p???t?s�?? st? �?st????d? p?a??t? ?, t? d??at? t?? ???a??? �a? s?st?�at??;�.S?�e?a, ? ?a�???? p?a??t??, pe??f??eta? �e ta pa????a?a ap?�e?????a t?? se t????? ???? ap? t?? ????. ?? ?ste??e?de??, ?? pe??p?a??�e??? �????? t?? d?ast?�at??, p??a??? ?a ?ta? ??p?te ? p?a??t?? p?? ?sf??e ap? ???. G?at? ?�?? d?a?????e; ??a e??t?�a p?? �??e? a?ap??t?t?. ?? �?�a?a, ?ta? ??p?te ? t?p?? t?? ????a, s?????a t? �????? ?a d?se? t?? te????? apa?t?se??. ???? t? pa???, ?? ????a ??at??? de�??a ta �?st??? t???, ?s?? ??a ??p??a ???? �a????? ep???...

25. ??a? �?st????d?? ?a? pa???e??? ?a?? S?? se??da 29, ? Eric Umland s?�e???e? ?a?a?t???st???: �?? pa?ad?se?? t?? fa?tast???? a?t?? ?a??, a?af????? �e????? �??s�????� ?atast??f??. ?p? t?? ?atast??f?? a?t?? a????e? ???e f??? �?a ??a �?t??s? t?? ??????�. ??af?t?st??? e??a? ? se??da 42 s?et??? �e t? ???ssa t?? ????a: �...?? ep?st?�??e? de? �p????? ?a s?�f???s??? a??�a ?a? ??a t?? t?p? ??af?? t?? ????a (...). ??p?? ?? ????a ??a?a? a??�a ?a? t?s? d?s???t? t? ??af? t???, ??a ?a �?? �p????? ?a t? d?a�?s??? ��??�a??? ?a? a�??t??�; ?p?????? ???s�???? ep?st?�??e? p?? d?at?p?sa? t?? ?p??? a?t?, a??? ? ???�? t??? a???????e �???? s?�e?a. Se ?e????? ??a��??, a?t? p?? p??spa???? ?a p??? ???? ?? �e?et?t?? p?? as???????a? �e t? p??�??�a t?? ????a, e??a? p?? ? ???ssa t??? de? �????e? �e ?a�?a ???? ???ssa t?? p?a??t? �a?�.?? ????a pa?a�????? ??a? �?st????d?? ?a? pa???e??? ?a??. ?a ep?te??�at? t???, ?�??, e??a? e?e?, st? ???? ?a? t? ?????, �??�e?a e??? �e????? ?a? ?ata???�???? p???t?s�??.

30. ???S ?O? ??G??S�