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Paper Delivery

Paper Delivery. I want a Hard Copy... ...but will be ‘happy’ to print it here If you submit Electronically... Word Perfect (V9.0 or earlier) Word (2000 or earlier) format for Cannon BJ-200ex or another Cannon Bubble Jet You are still liable for ‘Detail’ errors. Homework.

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Paper Delivery

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  1. Paper Delivery • I want a Hard Copy... • ...but will be ‘happy’ to print it here • If you submit Electronically... • Word Perfect (V9.0 or earlier) • Word (2000 or earlier) • format for Cannon BJ-200exor another Cannon Bubble Jet • You are still liable for ‘Detail’ errors

  2. Homework • Term Paper due 12 April • Readings:[16] “Reconstructing Transmission Networks using ATM and DWDM”[17] “Scaling Optical Data Networks with Wavelength Routing”[18] “New Juice for Analog Modems”

  3. Signaling • In Channel Signaling: Uses same resources for signaling & traffic (phone - Central Office) • Out of Channel Signaling a.k.a. Common Channel Signaling: Uses separate resources for signaling & traffic (Central Office - Central Office)

  4. Signaling • is the ‘nervous system’ of the telephone network • Advantages of CCS vs. ICS Signaling hardware reduced Fraud reduced Faster call set up Centralized Switching Control Intelligent Network Features • Signaling System 7 (OSI Layers 1-7) protocol used on CCS

  5. Odds & Ends • PBXCustomer owned or leased voice switchMay have data capabilitiesSmaller versions a.k.a. Hybrid Key SystemsContains many useful features for businesses • CentrexCarrier offering which mimics PBX functionality

  6. Network Synchronization • Public Network is broken up into Sync Regions • Each region is driven by a Master Clock which may be sync’d to GPS • Selected tandems sync to Master Clock • CO’s sync to a tandem, PBX’s sync to a CO • Connections between regions are Plesiocronously timed • Elastic Stores help smooth out timing differences • Slips will screw up data or video traffic & (maybe) compressed voice

  7. SONET • Optical Signal Standard OC-N (OSI Level 1) • STS-1 Multiplexing format (OSI Level 2)Uses byte interleaving • Basic Building Block: 51.84 Mbps STS-1 • Extensive OA&M capabilities • Designed to move traffic synchronously(traffic bytes mapped to specific STS-1 bytes)

  8. SONET • SONET Cross-Connects, ADM, OA&M capabilities, & Ring Architectures allow rapid fault recovery • Current technology requires optical-to-electrical conversions at switches, hence STS protocol. • Typical Carrier TDM Backbone Speeds 2.5 Gbps OC-48 10 Gbps OC-192 • OC-1, OC-3, OC-12 are common slower speeds

  9. Note that ATM has no Physical Layer... • 7 Application • 6 Presentation • 5 Session TCP • 4 Transport TCP • 3 NetworkIP • 2 Data Link ATM • 1 Physical

  10. SONET fits the bill! • 5 Session TCP • 4 Transport TCP • 3 NetworkIP • 2 Data Link ATM & SONET • 1 Physical SONET LAN based ATM products frequently have SONET built in, which usually suffices given the small distances involved. WAN based ATM usually needs additional SONET hardware due to a combination of long distances, high bit rates, mixed traffic, and the OA&M requirements of carrier backbones.

  11. SONET Ring Physical Network OSI Level 1 & 2 SONET ADMs & Cross-Connects Fiber Optic Cables in the ground

  12. ATM Backbone Logical Network OSI Level 2 Trunks Trunks may be over TDM SONET based Cross-Connects. Carrier Backbone ATM Switches

  13. ATM Backbone riding over SONET Private ATM ‘Edge’ Switch Carrier Frame Relay Switch Trunks Leased Line Carrier Backbone ATM Switch ISP Router Carrier Voice Switch

  14. You gotta have SONET! • Covers OSI Layer 1 (& Layer 2) • Just about every WAN protocol we’ve discussed does not have a physical layer... • ATM, OSI Layer 2 • Frame Relay, OSI Layer 2 • Frame Relay over ATM • Internet Protocol, OSI Layer 3, over Frame Relay over ATM • Exception! Last Mile Connectivity... T1 & T3 Leased Lines, OSI Layer 1& 2

  15. Traffic Growth Data Voice time

  16. Traffic Growth • It’s becoming expensive to continually increase SONET TDM rates • OC-768 in the labs • Cheaper to multiplex slower speed TDM signals onto the fiber • Take OC-48’s or OC-192’s... • ...driving lasers tuned to different frequencies... • ...shoot everything down one fiber. Result = WDM (OSI Layer 1)

  17. Different channels use some of the frequency all of the time. FDM frequency f1 f2 f3 f4 OC-192 OC-192 OC-192 OC-192 time

  18. FDM over fiber is called Wavelength Division Multiplexing. WDM frequency f1 f2 f3 f4 OC-192 OC-192 OC-192 OC-192 time

  19. Zoom in on one laser frequency band, and you’ll see SONET based TDM. TDM frequency band f1 1 2 3 time 4 etc.

  20. WDM: 32 OC-48’s #1 STS-48 #1 STS-48 Laser @ f1 Detector #1 Laser @ f2 Detector #2 #2 STS-48 #2 STS-48 Fiber in the ground #32 STS-48 Laser @ f32 Detector #32 #32 STS-48 Optical Combiner Optical Splitter Systems are also available that can map an arbitrary input (doesn’t have to be SONET based) onto an optical wave.

  21. WDM • Typical Deployed system: 32 WDM OC-48 = 79.63 Gbps 16 WDM OC-192 = 159.25 Gbps • For Sale: 100+ WDM OC-48 • In the labs: 1,000+ WDM OC-48 • In the labs & seeing initial deployment optical cross-connects • These devices will likely chew into SONET market share

  22. ATM Backbone Logical Network OSI Level 2 Trunks OC-48 trunks may be WDM based optical Cross-Connects. Carrier Backbone ATM Switches

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