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Theories of Prejudice: Introduction

Theories of Prejudice: Introduction. Review: Key Concepts. Kovel: racism (institutional) vs. prejudice (individual) Malcolm X: overt vs. covert blatant vs. Subtle deliberate vs. unintentional Kovel: dominative vs. aversive vs. meta-racism.

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Theories of Prejudice: Introduction

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  1. Theories of Prejudice:Introduction

  2. Review: Key Concepts • Kovel: racism (institutional) vs. prejudice (individual) • Malcolm X: overt vs. covert blatant vs. Subtle deliberate vs. unintentional • Kovel: dominative vs. aversive vs. meta-racism

  3. Psychoanalytic Theory • Prejudice based on projection of repressed wishes, fears, & negative self-images • Applies to all prejudices – sexism, homophobia, etc.? • Applies to all instances?

  4. Psychoanalytic Theory • Helps explains content of stereotypes, but not prevalence & intensity of prejudice? • Explains some individuals but not others? • Authoritarian personality • (Aronson’s “prejudiced personality”)

  5. Chapter 7: Prejudice The Social Animal Elliot Aronson

  6. Historical Change • Well-documented decline in overt prejudice & internalization by victims • Kenneth Clark doll experiments • Phillip Goldberg “author gender” experiments • Covert / subtle prejudice remains pervasive = “Meta-racism”?

  7. Definitions • Historical change in definitions of “stereotype” • Negative neutral • Emotional cognitive • Prejudice vs. ethnocentrism • William Graham Sumner: Folkways

  8. How Stereotypes Work • “On” victims • In situations when stereotypes made salient • When stereotypes internalized 2. “For” the prejudiced

  9. Stereotype ThreatClaude Steele • Stanford blacks taking GRE tests • Testing IQ-s vs. testing the test • Replications: • Women taking math tests • Latinos taking verbal (English) tests • White engineering majors in study of “why Asians excel” • White guys can’t jump!

  10. Attribution Theory • Study of social forces influencing how we make inferences about: • Events • Others’ behavior & personality traits • Own behavior & personality traits

  11. “Luck” vs. “Skill” • Deaux & Emsweiler: • Male success  skill • Female success  luck 50 replications • Stipek & Gralinski: • Boys’ math success  skill • Girls’ math success  luck

  12. “Luck” vs. “Skill” • Tennis players losing first sets: • Men: luck or laziness • Women: lower ability than opponent • Turner & Pratkanis: • Women hired for “affirmative action” gave less effort, performed poorly

  13. How Stereotypes Work for Prejudiced • Attribution Theory • “Fundamental Attribution Error” • “Ultimate Attribution Error” • Cognitive Dissonance Theory • “Blaming the Victim” • Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

  14. Attribution Theory • Fundamental attribution error: • Own behavior attributed to situations • Others’ behavior attributed to dispositions(personality traits, values, beliefs, etc.) • T. Pettigrew: Ultimate attribution error • Others’ successes attributed to situations • Others’ failures attributed to traits

  15. Cognitive Dissonance Theory • Inflict harm  dissonance (tension) with positive self image  denigrate victim = “Blaming the Victim”

  16. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy • Carl Word: job interview experiment • Interviewer subtly elicits expected stereotypic behavior • Michelle Hebl field replication • “homosexuals”: no overt discrimination • but: shorter & less engaging interviews

  17. Theories of Prejudice • Economic & Political Competition • Scapegoat Theory • Low Status / Relative Deprivation • Prejudiced Personality • Prejudice through Conformity

  18. Economic & Political Competition = “Realistic Group Conflict” • Real conflict  denigration & de-humanization of Other • Sherif (Robber’s Cave) experiment + interdependence as solution

  19. Scapegoat Theory = Displaced Aggression • Frustration  aggression research • Kovel: class conflict within white society diminished by displaced aggression toward non-whites (Joe?)

  20. Scapegoat Theory • Hovland & Sears: Price of cotton 1882 – 1930 predicts lynchings in American South

  21. Scapegoat Theory

  22. Maintain Self-Image & Status = Low Social Status = Relative Deprivation • Tajfel & Turner: “social identity theory” • In-group identity & pride can raise self-regard and status over disadvantaged ethnic out-groups

  23. Prejudiced Personality = Authoritarian Personality = Right Wing Authoritarianism • Personality structure organized by subordination to conventional authorities, conservative social values, and hostility toward deviants and out-groups

  24. Conformity • Prevailing social norms strongly influence individual prejudice above and beyond other factors. • People change views in accordance with community into which they move. • Pettigrew: conformity to norms perhaps most important factor

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