1 / 160

Psychology

This course covers the foundations of psychology, including the profession, research methods, and various topics such as infancy, adolescence, altered states of consciousness, personality, and psychological disorders. It also explores research methods and statistical analysis. Learn about hypothesis testing, correlation, experimental groups, control groups, and more.

esmith
Download Presentation

Psychology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148

  2. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych • Psychology as a profession • Psychological Research • Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood, Old Age • Death and Dying • Altered States of Consciousness • Dreams, Sleep, Hypnosis, Biofeedback, Meditation, Drugs

  3. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych, cont. • Personality • Stress • Psychological Disorders • Individual Interaction • Group Interaction

  4. Research Methods and Statistics • Hypothesis—An assumption or prediction about behavior or an educated guess about the relationship between two variables that is tested through scientific research. • Sample—The small group of participants, out of the total number available, that a researcher studies. • Case Study—research method that involves an intensive investigation of one or more participants.

  5. Correlation—the measure of a relationship between two variables or sets of data. • Variable—any factor that is capable of change. Independent/one that experimenters change. Dependent/one that changed in relation to the independent variable. • Experimental group—the group to which an independent variable is applied.

  6. Control group—the group not exposed to the independent variable. • Self-fulfilling prophecy—a situation in which a researcher’s expectations influence that person’s own behavior, and thereby influence the participant’s behavior. • Single-blind experiment—an experiment in which the participants are unaware of which participants received the treatment.

  7. Double –blind experiment: an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which participants received which treatment. • Placebo effect—a change in a participant’s illness or behavior that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect, rather that the actual treatment. • Theory—a set of assumptions used to explain why something is the way it is and happens the way it does.

  8. Unit 3—Infancy and ChildhoodSection 1: Physical, Perceptual and Language Development • Developmental Psychology: The study of changes that occur as an individual matures. • Grasping reflex: An infant’s clinging response to a touch on the palm of his or her hand. • Rooting reflex: An infant’s response in turning toward the source of touching that occurs anywhere around his or her mouth.

  9. Maturation: the internally programmed growth of a child.

  10. Unit 3—Infancy and ChildhoodSection 2: Cognitive and Emotional Development • Schema: a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world. • Assimilation: the process of fitting objects and experiences into one’s schema. • Accommodation: the adjustment of one’s schemas to include newly observed events and experiences.

  11. Egocentric: a young child’s inability to understand another person’s perspective. • Critical Period: A specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned.

  12. Section 3: Parenting Styles and Social Development • Authoritarian Family: Parents attempt to control, shape, and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with a set code of conduct. • Democratic/authoritative Family: Adolescents participate in decisions affecting their lives.

  13. Permissive/laissez-faire family: children have the final say; parents are less controlling and have a nonpunishing, accepting attitude toward children. • Socialization: The process of learning the rules of behavior of the culture within which an individual is born and will live.

  14. Identification: The process by which a child adopts the values and principles of the same-sex parent. • Role taking: Children’s play that involves assuming adult roles, thus enabling the child to experience different points of view.

  15. Unit 4—Adolescence: Physical and Sexual Development • Initiation Rites: Ceremonies or rituals in which an individual is admitted to new status or accepted into a new position. • Puberty: Sexual maturation; the end of childhood and the point when reproduction is first possible. • Menarche: The first menstrual period • Spermarche: The period during which males achieve first ejaculation

  16. Asynchrony: The condition during adolescence in which the growth or maturation of bodily parts is uneven.

  17. Barbie— The “Perfect” Body Barbara Millicent Roberts 52 years old, Wisconsin 7 feet tall, 125 lbs. 32-20-42 Neck is twice as long as the average woman Feet are ½ the size In 2000 she got a bellybutton Ran for President in 1992

  18. What Men Notice About Women 1. Figure or build--44% 2. Face--33% 3. Clothing--26% 4. Eyes--18% 5. Smile--18% 6. Hair--18% 7. Legs--8% What Women Notice About Men 1. Clothing--33% 2. Face--31% 3. Eyes--29% 4. Smile--23% 5. Figure or build--20% 6. Hair--17% 7. Teeth--10% 8. Height--10% It’s not what you say….What the sexes first notice about each other

  19. Section 2—Personal Development • Rationalization—a process whereby an individual seeks to explain an often unpleasant emotion or behavior in a way that will preserve his or her self esteem. • Identity Crisis—A period of inner conflict during which adolescents worry intensely about who they are. • Social Egocentrism—Where teens overestimate their impact upon the immediate environment.

  20. Social learning theory: A view of human development that emphasizes interaction.

  21. Chapter 4, Unit 3: Social Development • Clique: a small, exclusive group of people within a larger group. • Conformity: Acting in accordance with some specified authority. • Anorexia Nervosa: A serious eating disorder characterized by a fear of gaining weight that results in prolonged self-starvation and dramatic weight loss.

  22. Bulimia Nervosa: A serious eating disorder characterized by compulsive overeating usually followed by self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse.

  23. Signs of Suicide in Teens • pulling away from friends or family and losing desire to go out • trouble concentrating or thinking clearly • changes in eating or sleeping habits • major changes in appearance (for example, if a normally neat person looks very sloppy - as if they're not taking the usual care of themselves ) • talk about feeling hopeless or feeling guilty

  24. Signs—cont. • talk about suicide • talk about death • talk about "going away" • self-destructive behavior (drinking alcohol, taking drugs, or driving too fast, for example) • no desire to take part in favorite things or activities • the giving away of favorite possessions (like offering to give away a favorite piece of jewelry, for example) • suddenly very happy and cheerful moods after being depressed or sad for a long time (this may mean that a person has decided to attempt suicide and feels relieved to have found a "solution")

  25. Section 4: Gender Roles and Differences • Gender identity: the sex group (masculine or feminine) to which an individual biologically belongs. • Gender Role: the set of behaviors that society considers appropriate for each sex. • Gender stereotype: an oversimplified or distorted generalization about the characteristics of men and women.

  26. Androgynous: combining or confusing traditionally male and female characteristics. • Gender Schema: a set of behaviors organized around how either a male or female should think and behave.

  27. Unit 5-1 Adulthood • Physical Changes • Cellular breakdown • Cells less able to repair themselves • Cells having a “time limit” • 18-30—physical peak

  28. Unit 5-1--Adulthood • Menopause: the biological event in which a woman’s production of sex hormones is sharply reduced. • Usually occurs between ages 45-55 • Halt of egg production • Halt of menstruation • Emotional side effects

  29. Leading Causes of Death • Heart disease: 616,067 • Cancer: 562,875 • Stroke : 135,952 • Chronic lower respiratory diseases: 127,924 • Accidents: 123,706 • Alzheimer's disease: 74,632 • Diabetes: 71,382 • Influenza and Pneumonia: 52,717

  30. Unit 5-1--Adulthood • Male “Mental”pause • 22-28--Early adult period. Need to establish a stable life structure. • 28-30--Age 30 Crisis. Questioning of values. Urge for “completion” before it’s “too late.” • 36-40--Settling-down period. “Becoming one’s own man.” • 40-45—Midlife transition. Questioning accomplishments.

  31. Unit 5-1--Adulthood • Generativity: the desire, in middle age, to use one’s accumulated wisdom to guide future generations. • Stagnation: a discontinuation of development and a desire to recapture the past.

  32. Unit 5-1--Adulthood Middle adulthood—Late 40s—60s • Self actualization. Understanding. Sensitivity. • Frustration, unhappiness, resignation. OR….

  33. Physical Changes: Vision

  34. Physical Changes: Sense of Smell

  35. Physical Changes: Hearing

  36. Physical Changes: Hearing

  37. Overall Life Satisfaction

  38. Overall Life Satisfaction • Most studies show the elderly as happy and satisfied with life. • People tend to mellow with age. • Most regrets focus on what the person didn’t do rather than mistakes they have made in life.

  39. Unit 5-1--Adulthood • No “Midlife Crisis” for women • Empty nest syndrome • Middle-age depression.

  40. Commitment to Work • Most high school/college students aren’t sure of their career goals. • Happiness seems to be correlated with work that is challenging, provides a sense of accomplishment, and is interesting.

  41. Commitment to Love • An important factor in adult happiness • Lasting love includes: • Intimate self-disclosure • Shared emotional and material support • Similar interests and values

  42. Commitment to Marriage • 90% of the population gets married • 50% divorce rate • 75% of those who have divorced remarry

  43. Unit 5-2: Old Age • Decremental model of aging: the idea that progressive physical and mental decline are inevitable with age. • Ageism: prejudice or discrimination against the elderly.

  44. Life Spans • Ancient Rome—20-30 • Medieval England—20-30 • Early 1900s—30-40 • Current world ave.—66.12 • World Leader— • Japan, 82 • United States— • 77, Ranked 42nd in the world

More Related