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The Animal Kingdom

The Animal Kingdom. Heterotrophic by ingestion Motile; behaviorally complex No cell walls Structure based on extracellular proteins, especially collagen. Characteristic cell junctions. Similarities in ribosomal RNA. Evolutionary Trends in Body Plan. Symmetry: None (sponges)

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The Animal Kingdom

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  1. The Animal Kingdom • Heterotrophic by ingestion • Motile; behaviorally complex • No cell walls • Structure based on extracellular proteins, especially collagen. • Characteristic cell junctions. • Similarities in ribosomal RNA

  2. Evolutionary Trends in Body Plan • Symmetry: • None (sponges) • Radial (jellyfish, sea stars) • Bilateral (arthropods, vertebrates, etc.) • Cephalization: Evolution of a “head” with sensory and feeding organs. • Digestive system: • Ingestion into individual cells (sponges) • Gastrovascular cavity (blind sac) (jellyfish) • Digestive tract with mouth & anus (most other groups) • Body cavities: Evolution of a true coelom lined with peritoneum.

  3. Sponges – Phylum Porifera • Simple body plan. • Choanocytes beat their flagella to create water flow. • Amoeboid cells feed by endocytosis. • Also review pores, osculum, and spicules

  4. Phylum Cnidaria • Only two cell layers – acoelomate. • Gastrovascular cavity (blind gut): opening acts as mouth and anus. • Radial symmetry. • Polyp and medusa body forms.

  5. Classes of Cnidaria • Anthozoa: sea anemones and corals (lack medusa) • Hydrozoa: Hydra and Portuguese man-of-war (colonial) • Scyphozoa: jellyfish (medusa dominates life cycle)

  6. Portuguese Man-of-WarColonial hydrozoan, with stinging structures called nematocysts

  7. Phylum Ctenophora – comb jellies • Like Cnidaria but with a complete gut (mouth and anus)

  8. Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes • Protostomes: • blastopore becomes the mouth • ventral nerve cord(s) • worms, insects, etc. • Deuterostomes • blastopore becomes the anus • dorsal nerve cord • sea stars, vertebrates

  9. 2 main groups of protostomes • Lophotrochozoans – soft body, hydrostatic skeleton • Ecdysozoans – exoskeleton that molts

  10. Platyhelminthes – the flatworms • simplest lophotrochozoans • acoelomate • gastrovascular cavity

  11. Rotifers – small, structurally complex(complete digestive tract, ciliated structures)

  12. Phylum Brachiopoda • Marine animals with a 2-part shell, similar to bivalve mollusks. • But they are NOT mollusks – they have a lophophore (ring of tentacles around the mouth. • Few living species; diverse in the Paleozoic

  13. Annelida – segmented worms • True coelom • Segmented body • Soft flexible body wall.

  14. Mollusca – the mollusks • coelomate • bilaterally symmetrical • body plan based on • muscular structure called a “foot” • “visceral mass” – internal organs • “mantle” – covers the visceral mass; secretes shell

  15. Familiar mollusk groups • Bivalves: 2-part shell (clams, oysters) • Gastropods: snails, conchs, whelks, etc. • Cephalopods: octopus and squid (internal shell)

  16. Ecdysozoans – animals with exoskeletons or tough cuticle

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