Literature Reviews, SOTA, Citations, and References - A Guide to Conducting a Literature Review

1. Literature Reviews, SOTA,Citations, and References EGR 386W

2. What is a Lit. Review? • A critical synthesis of the research on a particular topic • Offers a summary of sources regarding a topic • Discusses the following: • What has been done? • What do we already know? • What needs to be done?

3. Synthesizing Research

4. Why Read/Write Lit. Reviews? • To understand the existing research on a topic • To stay up-to-date on current knowledge • To offer information to readers with limited time • To draw conclusions regarding the body of research itself • “Research shows strong evidence for the benefits of prescribed burns.” • Research on prescribed burns focuses mostly on…but is lacking in the area of…” • To illuminate need for further research

5. State of the Art Lit. Reviews • Emphasizes most up-to-date research • Shows trends in most recent literature on a topic • What has been tried before? • What does recent research focus on? • Identify gaps in available technologies and solutions • May highlight the need for further research

6. Lit. Review Sections An Introduction • Identifies & explains the problem to be addressed • Describes problem using existing facts • Primary objective: Introduce the project purpose A Background • Fully quantifies the problem • Locates the project in time and space • Describes scope of design solution

7. Lit Review Sections (cont.) A Conclusion • Readdresses the purpose statement • Examines the following: • Your current understanding of the topic • How the available or lack of research on the topic has provided and affected the understanding of the topic • Whether it is difficult to draw conclusions due to the research available

8. Research: Approach • Secondary sources as a starter • Using the reference section to identify primary sources • Using existing Literature Reviews • Get an idea of themes • Search “review” and topic on interest in Google Scholar • Avoid using secondary sources as main source of information • Establishing credibility through sources • Depth and Breadth • Variety

9. Why do we cite? • To make yourself believable • To show your familiarity with the field • To convey authority • To promote validity using the existing information • To exhibit professionalism • To acknowledge intellectual property • To protect against plagiarism

10. What not to cite • General Knowledge • Well-Known Sayings • Never use clichés • Obvious Conclusions • The chief engineer stated, “It must have failed.”

11. Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Formatting E.g., Margins, Font, Spacing, Page Numbers Organization Table of Contents List and Figures/List of Tables Consecutive Numbering of Parts Tables, Figures, and Illustrations In-Text Citations References or Bibliography

12. In-Text Citation Format • After a fact In 2001, the cisterns in Flagstaff collected up to 200 liters of water a month [1]. • Before a quote. According to [2] “cisterns are the most effective method of saving water for the individual household.” • As an example. Cisterns have been used effectively in a wide variety of climates, see [3],[4],[5].

13. Citation Format Order • List the references by order the notes appear in the text • If a source is used more than once, list the first number as the endnote • Do NOT list a single work more than once in the references Fonts • Use the same font and size as the rest of the document • No superscripting, which is default in MS Word • E.g., 2nd ed. vs. 2nd ed.

14. References Listing Examples Book • R.J. Larsen and M.L. Marx, “An Introduction to Mathematical Statistics,” in Statistics, 2nd ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,1988. Personal communication • R.N. Smith, General Motors Corporation, personal communication, Feb. 2007. Patent • J.P. Wilkinson, “Nonlinear Resonant Circuit Devices,” U.S. Patent 3 624 124. July 16, 1990.

15. References Listing Examples Journal article • D. Antanaitis et al., “Brake System and Subsystem Design Considerations for Race Track and High Energy Usage Based on Fade Limits,” SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars, Berlin, Germany. 2008, pp. 5 -18 doi: [2008-01-0817]. Magazine article • J.R. Veen and J. Pan, “Standardized Test Procedures for Small Reverberation Room,” Sound and Vibration, vol. 5, pp.18-20, Dec, 2005.

16. References Listing Examples Conference paper • S. Otsuki et al., “Hydrocarbons Speciation of Automotive Emissions Using High Speed Gas Chromatography, Engineering Society Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, Detroit, 1979, pp. 163-167. Conference/Journal paper, no paper number or DOI (which is very common) • P. Saha et al., “Thoughts Behind Developing a Small Reverberation Room-Based Sound Absorption Test Method for the Automotive Industry,” in Noise Conference 2008, Chicago, 2008.

17. References Listing Examples Electronic Journal • T. Browning "Embedded visuals: Student design in web spaces," Kairos, [online] vol. 3, 1997.  Available: http://www.as.ttu.edu/kairos/2.1/features /browning/index. html. Thesis and Dissertation • S. Birch, "Dolphin-human interaction effects : frequency mediated psychophysiological responses in biological systems," Ph.D. dissertation, Monash University, Clayton, Australia, 1997.

18. DOI - Digital Object Identifier • Use DOI at the end of a citation if source is not paginated • Created in 2000 to aid in finding technical articles on internet • Earlier papers will not have a DOI • To find the DOI associated with a reference, use the free search feature at http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/