“ Men are only as good as their technical development allows them to be ” - George Orwell

1. “Men are only as good as their technical development allows them to be” - George Orwell

2. Energyand the Environment Part III (final part) CES August 2010 Prof. R. Shanthini Dept of Chemical & Process Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Peradeniya

3. Learning Objectives √ • Describe the major energy technologies • Assess the impact of the use of energy from the environmental (ecological) point of view • Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of - energy sufficiency (conservation) - energy efficiency - energy security and - sustainability issues √

4. LI EI GDPI + + HDI = 3 3 3 Life Expectancy - 25 LI (Life Index) = 85 - 25 2 Adult Literacy 2 School Enrollment EI (Education Index) = + 3 100 3 100 ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100) GDPI (GDP Index) = ln(40000) - ln(100) UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)

5. Ecological Footprint (EF) • EF measures how much land and water area a human population requires to produce the resource it consumes and to absorb its wastes, using prevailing technology. • Biocapacity is shorthand for biological capacity, which is the ability of an ecosystem to produce useful biological materials and to absorb wastes generated by humans. Sustainable global EF per capita = Total Biocapacity per capita = 13.4/6.8 ≈ 2 gha Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org

6. HDI > 0.8 High HDI (>0.8) is accompanied by unsustainable levels of Ecological Footprint. EF < 2 gha per capita Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org and http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008

7. poor Sri Lanka to USA medium OK good Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org and http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008

8. LI EI GDPI + + HDI = 3 3 3 How can we all live well and live within the means of one planet? The challenge ahead of us is to assist development to attain HDI > 0.8 while maintaining a healthy Ecological Footprint per capita

9. Ideas from the class ARE DISCUSSED on the following points.

10. Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage) Petroleum 33.8% Electricity 9.7% Biomass 56.5% Who use the biomass? Who use the electricity? Who use the petroleum? Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

11. Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage) Petroleum 33.8% Electricity 9.7% Biomass 56.5% How would development alter the above chart and what are the implications? Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

12. Solar Energy - Thermal Wind and sunlight are used for drying instead of fuel or electricity. The 'right to dry' is specifically protected by the Florida legislation and similar solar rights legislation has been passed in Utah and Hawaii.

13. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Photovoltaic Power for Rural Homes In Sri Lanka

14. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells 7W CFL, 12V Electronics, 10Wp Panel 7Ah MF Battery Backup: 3 to 4 hoursSolar Panel Warrantee: 10 yearsLantern Warrantee: 1 year Solar lantern About Rs 2500/=

15. William Kamkwamba of Malawi http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com

16. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Curitiba (in Brazil) which pioneered BRT technology in the 1970s • - BRT system is different from conventional bus service. • - BRT run in dedicated lanes. • BRT have signal priority so they spend less time stopped at red lights. • Space for the busway is often re-allocated from existing traffic or parking lanes.

17. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Curitiba (in Brazil) which pioneered BRT technology in the 1970s BRT board passengers through all doors after paying fares at station platforms. BRT buses move quickly through the city transporting 2 million people daily, which is 70% of the cities population. GDP per capita of Curitiba increased from 10% to 65% above the national average during 1980 to 1996.

18. Paris created an individualized mass transit system called Vélib (“Freedom Bikes”).  $120 million

19. Biomimicry (or Bionics) Study nature, observe its ingenious designs and processes, and then Imitates these designs and processes to solve human problems.

20. Biomimicry (or Bionics) Janine Benyus Author of ‘Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature’, a book that has galvanized scientists, architects, designers and engineers into exploring new ways in which nature's successes can inspire humanity. http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/ janine_benyus_shares_nature_s_designs.html

21. Biomimicry (or Bionics) Termite mounds include flues which vent through the top and sides, and the mound itself is designed to catch the breeze. As the wind blows, hot air from the main chambers below ground is drawn out of the structure, helped by termites opening or blocking tunnels to control air flow.

22. Biomimicry (or Bionics) Eastgate centre (shopping centre and office block) at central Harare, Zimbabwe is modelled on local termite mounds and is ventilated and cooled entirely by natural means.

23. Biomimicry (or Bionics) Trapped air on the rough surface of the lotus leaf reduces liquid-to-solid contact area. Due to self-attraction, water forms a sphere. Due to natural adhesion between water and solids, dirt particles on a leaf's surface stick to the water. The slightest angle in the surface of the leaf causes balls of water to roll off the leaf surface, carrying away the attached dirt particles. Source: http://biomimicryinstitute.org/case-studies/

24. Biomimicry (or Bionics) GreenShield™ coats textile fibres with liquid repelling nano particles in order to create water and stain repellency on textiles, and results in a 10-fold decrease in the use of environmentally harmful fluorocarbons (the conventional means of achieving repellency). Other products inspired by the Lotus Effect include Lotusan paint and Signapur glass finish.

25. Biomimicry (or Bionics) Fiber that can stop bullets is made from petroleum-derived molecules at high-pressure and high temperature with concentrated sulfuric acid. The energy input is extreme and the toxic byproducts are horrible. Spider makes equally strong and much tougher fiber at body temperature, without high pressures, heat, or corrosive acids. If we could act like the spider, we could take a soluble, renewable raw material and make a super-strong water-insoluble fiber with negligible energy inputs and no toxic outputs. Janine Benyus, 1997

26. Biomimicry (or Bionics) • Nature runs on sunlight • Nature uses only the energy it needs • Nature fits form to function • Nature recycles everything • Nature rewards cooperation • Nature banks on diversity • Nature demands local expertise • Nature curbs excesses from within • Nature taps the power of limits • Janine Benyus, 1997

27. Biomimicry (or Bionics) We flew like a bird for the first time in 1903, and by 1914, we were dropping bombs from the sky. Perhaps in the end, it will not be a change in technology that will bring us to the biomimetic future, but a change of heart, a humbling that allows us to be attentive to nature's lessons. - Janine Benyus, 1997

28. Power required to drive an electric car: Heat energy in coal (or oil) to Generation of steam to Mechanical power of the turbine to Generation of AC electricity to Transmission of AC electricity to DC electricity in battery to Mechanical power needed to drive the car Power required to drive a IC engine car: Heat energy in oil to Mechanical power needed to drive the car Which one would be more efficient when considering the heat energy of fuel needed to provide 1 unit of power to drive the car?

29. But to answer your question Shanthini... I believe Electric Vehicles would be more efficient in the long run and definitely environmentally friendly, if the technology is explored and further researched.

30. A way of life Gliricidia Sepium End of Lectures