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Motivation Chapter 10

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Motivation Chapter 10

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    1. 1 Motivation Chapter 10

    2. 2 Motivation Motivation is a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal. Aron Ralston was motivated to cut his arm in order to free himself from a rock that pinned him down.

    3. 3 Perspectives on Motivation Four perspectives used to explain motivation include the following:

    4. 4 Instincts & Evolutionary Psychology Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951). Preview Question 1: What underlying assumption is shared by instinct theory and evolutionary psychology?Preview Question 1: What underlying assumption is shared by instinct theory and evolutionary psychology?

    5. 5 Drives and Incentives When the instinct theory of motivation failed, it was replaced by the drive-reduction theory. A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. Preview Question 2: How does drive-reduction theory help us understand the forces that energize and direct some of our behavior?Preview Question 2: How does drive-reduction theory help us understand the forces that energize and direct some of our behavior?

    6. 6 Incentive

    7. 7 Optimum Arousal Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it. Young monkeys and children are known to explore the environment in the absence of a need-based drive. Preview Question 3: What type of motivated behavior does arousal theory attempt to explain?Preview Question 3: What type of motivated behavior does arousal theory attempt to explain?

    8. 8 A Hierarchy of Motives Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition. Preview Question 4: What is the basic idea behind Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?Preview Question 4: What is the basic idea behind Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

    9. 9 Hierarchy of Needs

    10. 10 Hunger When are we hungry?

    11. 11 The Physiology of Hunger Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger. Preview Question 5: What physiological factors cause us to feel hungry?Preview Question 5: What physiological factors cause us to feel hungry?

    12. 12 Stomachs Removed

    13. 13 Body Chemistry & the Brain Levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by receptors (neurons) in the stomach, liver, and intestines. They send signals to the hypothalamus in the brain.

    14. 14 Hypothalamic Centers

    15. 15 Hypothalamic Centers

    16. 16 Hypothalamus & Hormones

    17. 17 Set Point Manipulating the lateral and the ventromedial hypothalamus alters the body’s “weight thermostat.” Heredity influences set point and body type.

    18. 18 The Psychology of Hunger Memory plays an important role in hunger. Due to difficulties with retention, amnesia patients eat frequently if given food (Rozin et al., 1998). Preview Question 6: What psychological influences affect our eating behavior and feelings of hunger? Preview Question 6: What psychological influences affect our eating behavior and feelings of hunger?

    19. 19

    20. 20 Taste Preference: Biology or Culture? Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only when we feel hunger but what we feel hungry for!

    21. 21 Hot Cultures like Hot Spices Countries with hot climates use more bacteria-inhibiting spices in meat dishes.

    22. 22 Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa: A condition in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent woman) continuously loses weight but still feels overweight.

    23. 23 Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa: A disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise.

    24. 24 Reasons for Eating Disorders Sexual Abuse: Childhood sexual abuse does not cause eating disorders. Family: Younger generations develop eating disorders when raised in families in which weight is an excessive concern. Genetics: Twin studies show that eating disorders are more likely to occur in identical twins rather than fraternal twins.

    25. 25 Obesity and Weight Control Fat is an ideal form of stored energy and is readily available. In times of famine, an overweight body was a sign of affluence. Preview Question 7: What factors predispose some people to become and remain obese?Preview Question 7: What factors predispose some people to become and remain obese?

    26. 26 Obesity

    27. 27 Body Mass Index (BMI)

    28. 28 Obesity and Mortality

    29. 29 Social Effects of Obesity When women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire them.

    30. 30 Physiology of Obesity Fat Cells: There are 30-40 billion fat cells in the body. These cells can increase in size (2-3 times their normal size) and number (75 billion) in an obese individual (Sjöstrum, 1980).

    31. 31 Set Point and Metabolism

    32. 32 The Genetic Factor

    33. 33 Activity

    34. 34 Food Consumption

    35. 35 Losing Weight

    36. 36 Plan to Lose Weight

    37. 37 Sexual Motivation Sexual motivation is nature’s clever way of making people procreate, enabling our species to survive.

    38. 38 The Physiology of Sex Masters and Johnson (1966) describe the human sexual response cycle as consisting of four phases: Preview Question 8: What are the stages of the human sexual response cycle?Preview Question 8: What are the stages of the human sexual response cycle?

    39. 39 Sexual Problems Men generally suffer from two kinds of sexual problems: premature ejaculation and erectile disorder. Women may suffer from orgasmic disorders.

    40. 40 Hormones and Sexual Behavior Sex hormones effect the development of sexual characteristics and (especially in animals) activate sexual behavior. Preview Question 9: How do sex hormones influence human sexual development and arousal?Preview Question 9: How do sex hormones influence human sexual development and arousal?

    41. 41 Estrogen Female animals “in heat” express peak levels of estrogen. Female receptivity may be heightened with estrogen injections.

    42. 42 Testosterone Levels of testosterone remain relatively constant in males, so it is difficult to manipulate and activate sexual behavior. Castration, which reduces testosterone levels, lowers sexual interest.

    43. 43 External Stimuli It is common knowledge that men become sexually aroused when browsing through erotic material. However, women experience similar heightened arousal under controlled conditions.

    44. 44 Imagined Stimuli Our imagination in our brain can influence sexual arousal and desire. People with spinal cord injuries and no genital sensation can still feel sexual desire.

    45. 45 Adolescent Sexuality When individuals reach adolescence, their sexual behavior develops. However, there are cultural differences. Preview Question 11: What factors influence teenagers’ sexual attitudes and behaviors?Preview Question 11: What factors influence teenagers’ sexual attitudes and behaviors?

    46. 46 Sexually Transmitted Infections

    47. 47

    48. 48 Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation refers to a person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, the other sex, and/or either sex. Preview Question 12: What does current research tell us about why some people are attracted to members of their own sex and others are attracted to members of the other sex?Preview Question 12: What does current research tell us about why some people are attracted to members of their own sex and others are attracted to members of the other sex?

    49. 49 Sexual Orientation Statistics In Europe and America, based on many national surveys, homosexuality in men is 3-4% and in women is 1-2%.

    50. 50 Changing Attitudes

    51. 51 Sex and Human Values “Promiscuous recreational sex poses certain psychological, social, health, and moral problems that must be faced realistically” (Baumrind, 1982). Preview Question 13: Is scientific research on sexual motivation value-free?Preview Question 13: Is scientific research on sexual motivation value-free?

    52. 52 The Need to Belong “[Man] is a social animal,” (Aristotle). Separation from others increases our need to belong. Preview Question 14: Why do some psychologists believe we have a need to belong-to affiliate with others?Preview Question 14: Why do some psychologists believe we have a need to belong-to affiliate with others?

    53. 53 Belongingness

    54. 54 Achievement Motivation Achievement motivation is defined as a desire for significant accomplishment. Preview Question 15: What characteristics are shared by people with a high need to achieve?Preview Question 15: What characteristics are shared by people with a high need to achieve?

    55. 55 Achievement Motivation

    56. 56 Sources of Achievement Motivation Preview Question 16: Why are some of us more than others driven to excel?Preview Question 16: Why are some of us more than others driven to excel?

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