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nefertiti.iwebland/timelines/topics/domesticated_animals.htm

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nefertiti.iwebland/timelines/topics/domesticated_animals.htm

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  1. Sheep [1], goats, cattle, pigs [2] and geese were raised from earliest times and supplied respectively milk, wool, meat, eggs, leather, skins, horn and fat. Even the dung had its uses [7]. There is little evidence that mutton was consumed, while domesticated pigs were eaten at least since the beginning of the 4th millennium BCE [8], but pork had no place in religious ceremonies. Goat meat on the other hand was acceptable even to upper class Egyptians. Goat skins served as water containers and floating devices.     The Egyptian farmers, in their early experimental phase, also tried to domesticate other animals such as hyenas, gazelles and cranes, but abandoned these attempts after the Old Kingdom.     The domestic chicken didn't make its appearance until the New Kingdom, and then only in isolated places. It became more common in the Late Period. By then the Egyptians seem to have mastered artificial incubation. Diodorus Siculus (1st century BCE) reports in his Historic LibraryApart from the generally known fashion for breeding these animals, they have an artificial means for raising incredible numbers of chicks. They don't let the chickens incubate their eggs themselves, but through an especially ingenious contrivance, which is just as effective as the forces of nature. Diodor's von Sicilien Historische Bibliothek Vol 1, Chapter 74after a translation by Julius Friedrich Wurm http://nefertiti.iwebland.com/timelines/topics/domesticated_animals.htm

  2. Fattening Force feeding a gooseSaqqara, 1st Intermediate PeriodSource: W.S.Smith, Country Life in Ancient Egypt, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston     There are many depictions of animals being force-fed, among them cranes, hyaenas and geese. Cattle and oryx antelopes [19] destined for sacrifice are also known to have been fattened. The Harris Papyrus mentions fattening-houses containing fat geese, and one wonders whether the ancient Egyptians knew how to prepare pâté de foie gras. http://nefertiti.iwebland.com/timelines/topics/domesticated_animals.htm Old Egyptian hieroglyphic painting showing an early instance of a domesticated animal (cow being milked). http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg

  3. Cattle crossing a body of water Cattle  The Egyptians grew a number of cattle varieties. Oxen [3] of a horned African breed were fattened to immense proportions and, adorned with ostrich feathers, displayed in processions before slaughter, as shown in depictions at Abydos and MedinetHabu. They also had a smaller breed, generally hornless, and wild longhorned cattle which resisted fattening. Zebu were introduced from the Levant during the New Kingdom and spread subsequently throughout much of eastern Africa.whose horns were clipped, whose noses were pierced, and whose heads were roped. M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Volume III, p.158 Sometimes the cattle were branded with red hot irons, above all on the great estates belonging to the pharaohs and the temples. Cowherds tended their animals, sleeping at night near-by in order to prevent theft. When crossing river arms grown over with reeds, they had to be on the look-out for crocodiles and use the right incantations to make the crocodiles blind to the passing herd [17]. In the tomb of Petosiris, the cowherd calls his charges by name: the "golden one", the "shining one" and "beautiful", which were attributes given to the goddess Hathor. Bronze branding iron, New Kingdom http://nefertiti.iwebland.com/timelines/topics/domesticated_animals.htm

  4. Sheep and goats     The keeping of sheep and goats, was of secondary economic importance, but provided the western civilization with one of its most beloved symbols, that of the good shepherd caring for his flock. A Karnak inscription says of Amenhotep III ... the good shepherd, vigilant for all people, whom the maker thereof has placed under his authority J.H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part II, § 900 http://nefertiti.iwebland.com/timelines/topics/domesticated_animals.htm

  5. Smaller animals and pets     The ferret was domesticated and used to keep granaries free from rats and mice. Vervet monkeys were kept as pets, as were dogs, cats, ducks and geese. The Nile goose [6] had often the run of the house and the garden in spite of its sometimes vile temper. Some people grew hoopoes, doves and falcons.     Royalty had royal pastimes and royal pets. Ramses II had a tame lion [9], and Sudanese cheetahs sometimes took the place of the house cat in the king's household. Cats    Cats seem to have been domesticated during the Middle Kingdom from the wild cats in the Delta or the Western Desert. They spread all over the Near East in spite of a ban on their export. Apart from their usefulness in combating mice, they were, perhaps more than any other animal except dogs, kept as pets. The first known cat name, Nedjem, dates to the reign of Thutmose III, Amenhotep I's pet Buhaki, is depicted sitting between the king's feet, and Prince Thutmose, son of Amenhotep III, buried Ta-miut in its own sarcophagus [21].    Apart from being popular cats were also considered divine more than many other domesticated animal. Herodotus describes how the Egyptians mourned the death of a cat Dogs        Dogs, while often depicted as hunting companions or as watch dogs, are never shown merely as pets. They had individual names [12] and were often buried with their masters, such as Neb, whose stela dating to the first dynasty bears his name and effigy. At Abydos part of the cemetery was set aside for dogs near the graves of women, archers and dwarfs. http://nefertiti.iwebland.com/timelines/topics/domesticated_animals.htm

  6. Horses The first evidence of horses in Egypt dates from the 13th dynasty. But they were introduced on a significant scale only from the Second Intermediate Period onwards. The first pictures of horses were made during the 18th dynasty. Horses were luxury animals, and only the very wealthy could afford to keep them and treat them according to their worth. They were never used for ploughing and only rarely ridden during the second millennium BCE. For war and hunt alike they were harnessed to chariots. According to a few rare depictions, such as a relief in Horemheb's tomb, horses were ridden bareback and without stirrups. At times the rider sat on the horse's rump in the fashion donkeys are still mounted today, which would have limited the horses pace to a slow trot. Ramses II built a complex of six rows of stables for 460 horses at Per-Ramses on the southern edge of the Delta, covering 1,700 square metres. They had sloping floors and troughs at the lower end for keeping the floor as dry as possible and catching the horses' urine. The stables contained stone water basins and stone tethers. Pharaohs often supervised personally the treatment their horses were getting. Ramses III frequented his stables and Piye, having conquered the Middle Egyptian town of Shamumu after a lengthy siege, accused the defeated prince Namlot of not feeding his horses properly http://nefertiti.iwebland.com/timelines/topics/domesticated_animals.htm

  7. Archaeologists Find Earliest Known Domestic Horses: Harnessed and Milked • The researchers have traced the origins of horse domestication back to the Botai Culture of Kazakhstan circa 5,500 years ago. This is about 1,000 years earlier than thought and about 2,000 years earlier than domestic horses are known to have been in Europe. Their findings strongly suggest that horses were originally domesticated, not just for riding, but also to provide food, including milk. • Through extensive archaeological fieldwork and subsequent analysis, using new techniques, the team developed three independent lines of evidence for early horse domestication. Their findings show that in the fourth millennium BC horses in Kazakhstan were being selectively bred for domestic use. They also show horses were being harnessed, possibly for riding, and that people were consuming horse milk. • Analysis of ancient bone remains showed that the horses were similar in shape to Bronze Age domestic horses and different from wild horses from the same region. This suggests that people were selecting wild horses for their physical attributes, which were then exaggerated through breeding. • Journal reference: • Outram et al. The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking. Science, 2009; 323 (5919): 1332 DOI: 10.1126/science.1168594 • Adapted from materials provided by University of Exeter. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090305141627.htm

  8. The team used a new technique to search for 'bit damage' caused by horses being harnessed or bridled. The results showed that horses had indeed been harnessed, suggesting they could have been ridden. Using a novel method of lipid residue analysis, the researchers also analyzed Botai pottery and found traces of fats from horse milk. Mare's milk is still drunk in Kazakhstan, a country in which horse traditions run deep, and is usually fermented into a slightly alcoholic drink called 'koumiss'. While it was known that koumiss had been produced for centuries, this study shows the practice dates back to the very earliest horse herders. Lead author Dr Alan Outram of the University of Exeter said: "The domestication of horses is known to have had immense social and economic significance, advancing communications, transport, food production and warfare. Our findings indicate that horses were being domesticated about 1,000 years earlier than previously thought. This is significant because it changes our understanding of how these early societies developed.“ http://www.mormonmesoamerica.com/Chariot%20frieze.jpg http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/spectacular-paris-race-will-be-as-big-as-benhur/2006/09/12/1157826941841.html http://www.brittany-ferries.co.uk/media/images/t/a/Roman_chariot_1.jpg

  9. http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/spectacular-paris-race-will-be-as-big-as-benhur/2006/09/12/1157826941841.htmlhttp://www.theage.com.au/news/world/spectacular-paris-race-will-be-as-big-as-benhur/2006/09/12/1157826941841.html

  10. Evidence for the domestication of the horse comes from three kinds of sources: 1) changes in the skeletons and teeth of ancient horses; 2) changes in the geographic distribution of ancient horses, particularly the introduction of horses into regions where no wild horses had existed; and 3) archaeological sites containing artifacts, images, or evidence of changes in human behavior connected with horses. Archaeological evidence includes horse remains interred in human graves; changes in the ages and sexes of the horses killed by humans; the appearance of horse corrals; equipment such as bits or other types of horse tack; horses themselves interred with equipment intended for use by horses, such as chariots; and depictions of horses used for riding, driving, draught work, or symbols of human power. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyksos.jpg http://stamp-search.com/images/man0306horses11set.jpg http://michcavalry.tripod.com/ http://ldsfreedom.wordpress.com/

  11. Animals at work http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/39/Tiangong_Kaiwu_Grinding_Mill.gif

  12. How Much Power? The working speed for most draught animals is about 1 meter/second (3.6 km/h, 2 mph). A Brahman bull consumes about 3.3 Joules for each Joule of work. There are limitations on the performance of animals, such as sensitivity to food supply, getting sick or just having a bad day. http://www.worldwideflood.com/ark/technology/animal_power.htm

  13. For a hard day's work the horse reigns supreme, delivering 500W for 10 hours. The ox is known for its compliance and is less fussy about food - a good choice for the less demanding applications. The camel has the highest power output. Forget the donkey. http://www.worldwideflood.com/ark/technology/animal_power.htm

  14. Camel powered pump in Afghanistan: For millennia waterwheels have been used to lift water for irrigation and domestic use. This camel keeps walking in a tight circle to turn an axle which powers the waterwheel. http://geoimages.berkeley.edu/GeoImages/Powell/Afghan/100.html An ox crushes peanuts on a tiny mill in Thailand. Note the two arms - one steering the animal at the neck, while the other takes the power from behind the animal. http://private.addcom.de/asiaphoto/burma/bdia085.htm

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