Download
1 / 43
430 likes | 698 Views
Ge???? ??da?t???. ep?st?????? e??t? t?? ??????s?? t?? ?atast?se?? ??a t? ???s? e t??p? p?? ?a ?p??e?ta? (? ???s?) se ??e??? ?a? epa???e?s?. ??t??t?p? e ta e??t?ata: ??? p??e? ?a ?ata?t??e? ? ???s? ?sa ap? t?? s??????? d?ad??as?e?; ???a p??pe? ?a e??a? ? d?da?t??? ?at??t?s? t?? d?d?s??
E N D
1. ? d?da?t??? t?? a??at?? t?? ?st???a? (??????s? d?das?a??a?. ??da?t??? pa??de??a). ?pat?a, 25.09.2008
2. Ge???? ??da?t??? ep?st?????? e??t? t?? ??????s?? t?? ?atast?se?? ??a t? ???s? e t??p? p?? ?a ?p??e?ta? (? ???s?) se ??e??? ?a? epa???e?s?. ??t??t?p? e ta e??t?ata:
??? p??e? ?a ?ata?t??e? ? ???s? ?sa ap? t?? s??????? d?ad??as?e?;
???a p??pe? ?a e??a? ? d?da?t??? ?at??t?s? t?? d?d?s???ta, ?ste ?a d?aes??ae? e ap?te?esat??? t??p?;
3. Ge???? ??da?t??? ?????e?ta? ?a as??? ?e?t?????a t?? d?da?t????: ?a st????eta? ??a t? ?????a a??esa st?? ???se?? a?af???? ?a? t?? s??????? ???se??. S?e?? t??? d?da?t???? ?a? ep?st??????a?: ???a. (ped?? ?.?.S. a??? ?a? d?d?s???t??).
??a s?????? ???a de? e??a? se ?a?? pe??pt?s? ?a ap??p?????? ??? e?d??? t?? a?t?st????? ep?st??????? a?t??e?????. ? s??e?d?s? a?t?? t?? ap?stas?? d???????se t?? ?d?a t?? d?da?t???? et??es??, t?? d?ad??as?a? d??ad? e?e???? p?? etat??pe? ??a ???st??? a?t??e?e?? se d?da?t???.
4. Ge???? ??da?t??? F??t?? t?? d?da?t???? et??es?? ap?te????:
-?? e?pa?de?t???? s??p?? t?? a??at??
-?? pa?da??????? ?a? e?pa?de?t???? st???? t??.
? d?d?s??? e??a? ?pe?????? ??a t? d???????a a?a??a??? ?a? e??????? s??????? ??a t?? ep?te??? t?? pa?da??????? ?a? d?da?t???? st????, st??? ?p????? st??e?e? a?t? ? et??es?.
??? ???eta? a?t?; ??s? t?? ?.?.S. ?a? t?? d?d?s???t??).
??s? e????? e??a? ?a efa??ste? st?? p????; ? ?a?da?????? ?p?st?? ??e? ?ata???e? ?t? pe??p?? t? 90% t?? a??t?? e??a? ?at??????? ?a af????s??? ?,t? t??? d?d?s???e ?a? e?ap??e?ta? st?? pa?da?????? ?a? st? d?da?t??? ?a ???? ta ?sa p?? ?a ep?t?????? st??? a??t?? ?a ?ata?t?s??? t? ???st??? a?t??e?e?o (Bloom).
5. ??d??? ??da?t??? ??a t? ???a t?? ?st???a? ?a?e????????s?/???s?? ?st???a, ?st???a, ?st???a:????? p??sp??e?a ? ???s? ?a? ? e???e?a t?? pa?e????t??
?as??? ? ???s?:
- t?? f?s?? t?? a?t??e????? t?? ?st???a?(pe???d?? e ?e????ta, p??s?pa ??p., p?????a ?at????pa t?? pa?e????t??= ap? ??e?a ???? ?st?????? se????, ???a ??p). ? f???s?f?a t?? ?st???a? d??e? ta e??a?e?a ??a t? pe??e??e?? t?? p?????????? (ap?spasat???; ep??e?t???; pa?ap?a??t???; ??p.). ?as??? ???t???? ??a t?? ?ata??af? t?? ?st???a? e??a? ta te????a.
- t?? ??s?? t?? a?t??e????? t?? ?st???a? st? s?e???? ????????? ?a? p???t?s??? t?p?? ?a? t?? ?e?t?????a? t?? st?? e?pa?de?t??? ?es?. ?p?sd?p?te ? ?st???a e??a? ?a? a?ta????as? t?? pa?ad???? t?? ???????a? st?? ?p??a ???e (p.?. ??s?a?, ???e? ?. ????p?? 1960).
6. ??d??? ??da?t??? ??a t? ???a t?? ?st???a? ?? ?a?? e??a? ?t? t? pa?e???? ?p???e ?a? ?p?? ??e? ?a? ? ???a? ????te?a st? ???? t?? ?? ???? t?? ?????? ?a? t?? ????? (1990)
?? ?????p?? p??t?te f??????? ?t? ?????? ?a d???????s??? ??a ?a??te?? ?????. ??t? de? e??a? a???e?a. ?? ????? e??a? ??a apa??? ?e??. ?a pa?e???? sf??e? ap? p????? ???. ?? pa?e???? ?p???e? ??a ?a e??e???se?, ?a p???a??se?, ?a a? ??e? se pe??as? ?a t? ?atast?????e ? ?a t? ????e ?a?? ap? t?? a???. ? ???? ????? p?? ?? ?????p?? ?????? ?a e??a? ?????? t?? ?????t?? e??a? ??a ?a a??????? t? pa?e????.
7. ??d??? ??da?t??? ???s?:
- t?? e?e???e?? st?? ???se?? a?af???? t?? ?st???a?.
- t?? s??p?? ?a? t?? st???? t?? a??at?? t?? ?st???a?.
?e?????s? st???? se ???st???, s??a?s??at??? ?a? ????????t??? t??a (p??sfate? ??e??e? de?????? ?t? ?? a??t??, a? d?da????? e ?at?????? t??p?, e??a? ??a??? ?a ?ata???s??? ??ata p?? af????? st? pa?e???? ?a? ?a pa?a???????s??? t?? s?et???? ?ept?? ???t???? d?e??as?e?).
8. ??d??? ??da?t??? ??????s? d?das?a??a? - ???d??
a???????s?
9. ??????s? d?das?a??a? ??S (d?af??et??? est?as? ??a t? G???s?? ap? e?e??? ??a t? ???e??).
??a??t??? p????aa a??at?? (s??p?? ?a? ??e? a??at??).
?d???e? ??a t? d?das?a??a t?? a??at?? (p????f???e? ??a e?d????? st????? a??at??, ??a ???d? d?das?a??a?. ?????aat?s?? d?da?t?a? ????, d?da?t??? pa?ade??ata).
10. ??????s? d?das?a??a? ?p??t?s? se e??t?ata ?p??:
-???a e??a? ta p??sd???e?a ap?te??sata et? ap? ???e d?das?a??a;
-?? pe??????e ?a ????? ?ata?t?se? ?? a??t?? se ep?ped? ???se??, de???t?t??, st?se??;
G??s? t?? p???ep????? ??a t?? a???????s? t?? a??t? (?.?, ?????????).
?es? ? s??s? d?das?a??a?-a???????s??.
11. ??????s? d?das?a??a? ??da?t??? ?????: a) e??e???d?? a??t?, ???? ?a????t? (se ??t?p? ? ??e?t?????? ??f? ap? t?? ?st?se??da t?? ?.?.).
) ????t??? ????? ( ???a s?et??? e ta a?t??e?e?a d?das?a??a? p.?. ?.?.?., ?.?. , ????a ap? ef?e??de? ?a? pe???d???, ???? ??t?p? ?????, s?et???? ?st?se??de?).
12. ??????s? d?das?a??a? ?p?st????t??? ????? : a)p??a?e?, ???te?,
p?????ta t?? t?????, ?p?? e??ast??? ????? ??se???, ?t???a?t??(+) , ta???e? ??p.
) ep?s???e?? ??e???, ??se???, a??a????????? ?????.
G????? ????: ???pe? ? d?d?s??? ?a ?at??e? p???? ??a ?a p???se? ?a etad?se? ???a.
13. ??????s? d?das?a??a? st? st????es?a ?d???? a? p??pe? ?a e??a?
a)t? ???? t?? ?????
) ? s???e?????? d?da?t??? e??t?ta ?a?
?) t? ep?ped? t?? t???? a?
?e?????s? e?d???? st???? (safe?? ?a? ef??t??).
e?????s? t?? a??t?? ??a ta a??ata a?t?? t?? ??????? (G?at? a?a????e ?st???a; S???t?s? ep? t?? ap??e?? t?? a??t??. ?? ?a ????e a?t? t? ??????; ??p???t?s? st?? ???? ?a? t?? ????? t?? p??? p?a??te?s? ???st???? ??????).
14. ??????s? d?das?a??a? ? ?st????? ???ssa
-e?e?d??e???? ???????a : ap? t? pa?e????, p.?. f???d?, pas??
-s?as?a??? etat?p?se?? : p.?. ? ???? t??? ? epa??stas? ( Ga????? ?????a????)
-???ssa t?? ?st?????? ??????: p.?. esa???????, ?e?te?????
-???ssa t?? ?st?????? d?ad??as???: a?t?a, af???, ??p.
?a? ? e???e?a t??.
15. ??????s? d?das?a??a? ???s??e? ep?p???? pa??et???:
-????? + a?t????e?? ?a????t?-a??t?? e ???t?? t?? ?st???a.
-t??p?? ??as?? t?? pa?e????t?? (???d????
a?a?????s??)
-?????e???e? p??e???e?e? ap? ta???e? (p.?. ??a t?? ????a?d??, t?? ????a ??p), d?af??se??, ????-te???a ?a? pe???d???, p?? st?e?????? ? pa?a-p????? t? ?st????? pa?e???? ??? ?p?sd?p?te s??p?a.
16. ??????s? d?das?a??a? G????S??:
?? a??t?? a?t?? t?? ?????a? est?????? pe??ss?te?? se ?e????ta ?a? p??s?pa. ???a? ? ?????a t?? e?d???? ?a? s???e??????? e?d?afe???t??, a??? pa??????a ?ata????? ?a? st???e??de?? a?t??de?? s??se?? (?d?a?te?a ?? t?? G? t????).
17. ??????s? d?das?a??a? ??????:
?? a??t?? est?????? ?a? e?d?af????ta? ??a a??te?a a?t?a ?a? ap?te??sata, a?a??t??? t?? s?????e? ep?d?as?? st? ?st????? ????es?a?, e??a? ??a??? ?a ??????? p???e??, ?atast?se??, p??s?pa, ?a ?????? s?????se??, ?a ???? a?a????e?, ??p.
18. ??????s? d?das?a??a? ???d?? d?das?a??a?: G????S??
1) s????as??? af???s? e d?a?????? ??f?: p???p???te? ?a?? ???s? ??????, s??d?? d?das?a??a?-d????aa st?? p??a?a, e???e?a ????. ? ?a????t?? d?a??pte? t?? af???s? t?? ??t??ta? e??t?se??, s????????ta? t?? apa?t?se?? t?? a??t??, d????ta? ep?p???? e????se??, pa?ap?p??ta? sta te????a ( ???te?, e????e?, p??a?e?, p????).
19. ??????s? d?das?a??a? ? s??????? ep?st?????? ?p??? e?t?? ?et??? t?? af???at??? pa??d?s?, d??t? ?s? a?t?? d?e?e??eta? t? e?d?af????, e?e????ta? e??t?se??, e??a??????ta? t?p??et?se??. ???e? ? af???s? ?a ?? p???p???te? pa??t????? a???at??.
?? s?eft?aste ?t? st?? d?s???e? s?????e?, ??t? ap? t?? ?p??e? d?d?s???e s?????? ?st???a, t? ?s????te?? ?p?? a? e??a? ?? ???e?? a? ?a? ?? ???e?? a?t?? p?? ???sa? st? pa?e???? ?s? t?? te?????? ? t?? s??????? e??e???d???. ? ????? a? st? d?das?a??a ap??t? ???? st?at??????.
20. ??????s? d?das?a??a? 2) e?e???t??? ???d?? (?ad?s??e??at???). : ?? a??t?? p??et??????? se ??de? t? ep?e?? ???a ??at?p????? e??t?se??, ap???e?, s??t?ss??? s???pt??? p??a?a p?? t??? ep?t??pe? ?a e???s??? ta as??? s?e?a t?? a??at??. ? e??as?a ???eta? st?? t??? ?a? ? ?a????t?? pe??????eta? st? ?a d?ap?st?se? t? a?? t?? af????s?? ?a? ?a apa?t?se?? st?? e??t?se?? t?? a??t??. (S?????s? e??d??).
21. ??????s? d?das?a??a? ???d?? d?das?a??a?: ??????
?ate?????e??? d???????: d?a?e?t??? ??f? p?? ?a st????te? st?? a???p???s? t?? ?p?????sa? ???s??, st?? af???? t?? pa???t??, se s?????se?? ? a?a????e?, ?at? pe??pt?s?.
22. ??????s? d?das?a??a? Ge????te?a, ? d?d?s???= d?aes??a?t??, d??t? ??? ?ts? ?a as???e? ? a??t?? e?t?? t?? ?e??e??? ????? ep??e?e??? a??pt???? (Vygotsky), ?p?? ? ?a??d???s? ap? t?? d?d?s???ta ?d??e? ?s? ???t???? ?e?t??????? se ???t??? a??pt???, ? ?p??a e??a? p?? e?e?????? ?a? p?? p??st? ap? a?t? p?? ? a??t?? ??e? ?d? ?ata?t?se?.
23. ??????s? d?das?a??a? ? d?d?s??? ?a ep???e? t?? a??t? d????t?? t?? af???? p????at?s??, st?at?????? a????s?? e s??p? ?a t?? ????se? ?a ?epe??se? p??????e?a ???a s????? t??.
?as??? ??t?a ? t??p?? p?? t??e?ta? ta e??t?ata st?? a??t? (?? a??t?? e?pa?de???ta? ?a apa?t??? ?p?? t??? ??t?e).(???? ap? 1.500.000 e??t?se?? d?at?-p????e ?at? t?? epa??e?at??? a? stad??d???a).
St?at????? e??t?se??:
24. ??????s? d?das?a??a? ?? e??t?se?? ?a e??a? p??sa?at???s??e? se d?da?t????? st?????.
??d?: e?e??e? p?? a) ap?sp??? p????f???a?? ?????
) e?a?e???? t?? ?ata???s? (ap???????se?:p??????? t?? ??f?as? st?se??, ?????? ?ee???s? ?a? s????????se?: p??????? s?s?et?se??, ????? st?? e?a???? s?pe?as?t?? ?a? e???e???.
?) apa?t??? d????????? s???? (d?at?p?s? p??t?? s???e?? ?a? ???se??.
???? ?a af????? s?et??? e?e??e??a st? a??t? (?????? t?? ???e???) ?a e?f??se? t?? ?p??? t?? e ?????? ?ee???s?.
25. ??????s? d?das?a??a? ?a? ?a ?pa?????? ?? e??t?se?? a? se ??a ?a???a ep????????a??? ??????, e?t?? t?? ?p??a? ? s??????? d??????? ep?t??pe? t?? ??f?as? d?af??et???? ?????, t?? a?ta??a?? ep??e????t??, t?? a??a?? seas? ?at? t?? a?a??t?s? t?? p??sd???e??? s??a??es??.
26. ??????s? d?das?a??a? S?a?t??? st???e?? e??a? ?? a??t?? ?a ?ata???s??? ?t? ? ?a????t?? ??e? ap??e??, ?p??ete? a??e?, ??e? ?de?????a a??? ??a a?t? ta ?ata??te? se d?ap?a??te?s? ?? d???? t?? a??e? ?a? ??? ?? ap???te? a???e?e?, e d?????? ep??e????t??, se ???a e???????e?a?.
27. ??????s? d?das?a??a? ???s? pe??ss?te??? te?????? ?a? a???p???s? t?? p????: ? p??? ??e? d?tt? ?a?a?t??a ? ?a ?ee???se? t? ??s? st?? ?p??a ?at????e ? d??????? ? ?a de??e? ?t? ? ???? e????s? p?? ??e? ?p?st????te? de? e?sta?e?.
? d?a?e?t??? e t?? p??? /te????? ap?s??pe? ??? ap??? st? ???s? a??? st?? ?ata???s? t?? ??????.
28. ??????s? d?das?a??a? ?ata???s? s?a??e? e????s? t?? ?st???a?;
???. ? e????s? e??a? ?p??es? t?? ?st??????. Sta p?a?s?a t?? a??at?? t?? ?st???a? ? a??t?? ?ata??e? ??? t??? t??p??? e t??? ?p????? ? ?st?????? e???e? t?? ?st???a.
29. Ge???? s?p??asa: ?pa?te?ta?
s??d?as?? d?da?t???? st???? +e??d?????a?.
?f???s? + p????f???s?.
??a?e?t??? + ?ata???s? + e???e?a
? sfa????? ?e???s? ?st??????
p?a?at???t?ta?.
30. ????????s? a??t?? ?s?
a) t?? ?a??e????? s??e??as?a?
) t?? ??apt?? d???as???, d????e?a? ????? ?ept?? ?? ?a? ?a? d?da?t???? ??a?, ?at? pe??pt?s?
?) s???et???? d?????????? e??as???.
d) a?t?a???????s?? e ???a ?a? sta?e?? ???t???a.
31. ????????s? a??t?? a???????s? d?a??f?t??? : e??a? ???s?? ??a t?? a??t? (t?? d??????e? saf? e????a ??a t? ep?ped? t?? st? s???e?????? ??????? st???) ?a? ??a t? s?ed?as? t?? e????t???? d?das?a??a?.
a???????s? te????.
?pa?a?t?t? ? e??a????t??? st?s? t?? d?d?s???ta ?p?? ?a? ?? d?aa??s??e? apa?t?se?? t?? (p.?. e?d???? pe??pt?se?? a??t??).
32. ????????s? a??t?? ?a?ade??ata d?ast????t?t??:
?.?. 1. ??e??a se ??t?ata e?f?ast???? ??af?? (?e??????a, ap?????e?ata, a?t?????af?e?).
2. ??e??a se ??t?ata ????te?????? ??af?? (???st???ata, p???s?).
3. ??e??a se ??t?ata e??ast???? ??af?? (???a ????af????, ???pt????, f?t???af?a?).
4. ap?t?p?s? ?p?e?s?? t?? a??t?? a? (e ????, ????af???, f?t???af?a, ??s???).
33. ????????s? d?das?a??a? ?e ?s? t??? ?e?a???????? st????? a? t? epete????;
??? a?tap???????e ? t??? (s?et???, a??? ?ata???s??);
???????????e ? e??t?ta ? t? t?a e?e??? p?? e??ae p????aat?se? ?a ?????????e?;
S?pe??sata p??? a???p???s?.
34. ????????? ???????G?? ???? G? G??as???
??F????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????S ??? ??? ????S? ??? ?OS ??S ????S ??? 20?? ??O?? ??????? 17
? ?. ?ap?d?st??a? ?? ??e???t?? t?? ????da? (1828-1831).
? ????????s? t?? e???????? epa??stas?? (1829)
35. ??d???? d?da?t???? st???? ?? a??t?? ?a
-p????f??????? p??a ?ta? ? ?at?stas? p?? ep???at??se st?? ????da ?at? t?? ?f??? t?? ??e???t? ?????? ?ap?d?st??a
-?????s??? t?? p??sp??e?e? p?? ??a?e ? ??e???t?? ??a ?a ???a??se? t??? t?e?? t?? e???????? ???t???
36. ??d???? d?da?t???? st???? ?a ?ata???s??? ?a? ?a a???????s??? t??? pa?????te? p?? ?????sa? t?? a?t?p???te?s? st?? ??e???t?
-?a ap?t??s??? ?e???? t? ???? t?? ?ap?d?st??a ?? ??e???t?.
37. ?f???s? ??a??a?t???? p??t?se??:
a) s??des? e t?? d?da?t???? e??t?te? 9,10 (???sp??e?e? t?? epa?astat????? ?a s?????t?s??? ???t??/????s??e?e?se??/?p?t???e?-ef?????) ?a? 11 (????? ????pa???? d?p??at?a?/???t?????? ??e?a?t?s?a?)t?? 2?? ?efa?a???.
) ? s?????? ???s? t?? ???at?? ?ap?d?st??a? s?e?a. (?????? ?a? ?ap?d?st??a?? ?a?/?? ??????, s??d?? ?ap?d?st??a? ??a t?? ??p??? ??t?d?????s?, ? ape?????s? t?? ??e???t? se ???sata).
38. ??d???? ?st?????? ???? t?? e??t?ta? ???? p?? p??pe? ?a s????at?s??e ?? ???s?:
??e???t??
????? ??e?p?d??
F?????a?
??????d?da?t??? s???e?a
???????? s???e?a
???t?p?? S???e??
?e?t????? s???e??
39. ????a s?e?a e??t?ta?
??t? p?? d????ta? e ??t??a ???ata st? s?????? e??e???d??, p.?. ????te?a ?a? d?????s? ??p.
? a?t?p???te?s? ?at? t?? ?ap?d?st??a.
?????s? pe??e?????? t?? ?????? s?e???.
40. ????a s?e?a e??t?ta? (s????e?a) ????f?s? ??t?p???te?s??
????f???a t?? ?ap?d?st??a.
41. S????as?? p???? ??? a?t??ete? ap??e?? ??a t?? ?. ?ap?d?st??a ?a? t? ???? t??
a) ? ?p??? t?? ?. ????tt?, a?????? t?? ?a?????? ??at??
) ? ?p??? t?? ?????d?? (G. Eynard), f???????a s??e???t? t?? ?ap?d?st??a.
?e??t? t?? ?e????? se a?t?pa?a???.
42. ?p?d?s? ?s??se??-??ast????t?te?
??a?eat???? ?????e?
s?st?a, a?t??es?, s??????s?
43. ???s?et? d?da?t??? ????? ap? t? ???? t?? ?a????t?
???e? p????
???te???e?e? d?ad??t?a??? d?e????se??
www.fhw.gr/chronos/12/gr/1821_1833/diethni/06.html
www.fhw.gr/chronos/12/gr/1821_1833/diethni/07.html
44. ???e? p??a??? d?ast????t?te? ???e?t?se?? st?? ??p??? ?st???a
S??d?se?? e ???a a??ata
???te???e?? ??????af?a
?a???e?, ?t???a?t??.
