Reign of Mary Tudor

1. Reign of Mary Tudor

2. Came to the throne with the death of Edward VI • 1554 – married Philip II the most “Catholic” king of Spain • Lost the port of Calais due to bad advice from Philip • Influenced Parliament to repeal the Protestant statues passed during the reign of Edward VI

3. Allegorical Painting of Marriage of Mary and Philip Failed to produce an heir Coupled with persecution of Protestants set off wave of horror in England

4. Bloody Mary • Executed the great Protestant leaders of Edward’s reign • John Hooper • Hugh Latimer • Thomas Cramer • Burned @ 300 Protestants at the stake • “Marian Exiles”

5. Mary’s death brought her half-sister, Elizabeth I to the throne.

6. Elizabeth's Background Her parents • Henry VIII, already 42, had ruled for 24 years • Once handsome, tall, & athletic, he’d grown heavier and impatient for a male heir • Both Henry and Anne had mothers named Elizabeth, so Eliz I’s name is not a surprise • Henry did not want his only child Mary to rule; England’s only other experience with a woman ruler (12th c.) had been bad

7. Anne was made Marquis of Pembroke with manors, land, and income • Katharine had to return the queenly jewels • Anne became pregnant while Catherine of Aragon still queen • Mary demoted by Elizabeth’s birth • Baby Eliz’s robe had a train that took 4 attendants

8. Ann Boleyn Beheaded Elizabeth I, Ruler and Legend • Elizabeth still a child • Only mentioned her mother approx. 2 more times in her life

9. Elizabeth as a teenager • Approx. 14 years old • Painted 1546-7 for her brother, Edward VI

10. Mary Tudor • Not a close sister to Elizabeth • Often did not consider Henry VIII to be Eliz’s father;rather musician Mark Smeaton • Did not trust Elizabeth’s nominal Catholicism; Eliz also a political threat • Advisors suggesting killing Elizabeth; husband Phillip helped protect Elizabeth from Mary’s wrath

11. 1554--Imprisoned by sister Mary 1554--Imprisoned by sister Mary

12. Elizabeth's Eccentricities

13. Her Personal Eccentricities • Frugal– war was expensive; 12,000 pounds per month to feed, arm, pay the fleet; domestic staff underpaid. But she loved for people to give her presents, esp. gold. • Vain– public image controlled (like now); restricted paintings of her image, proud of long fingers, loved gifts, disliked preachers and advisors reminding her that she was aging; liked speaking to foreign envoys in their own language • Very interested that the English people like her • Changed her mind– about parade routes, executions (Duke of Norfolk, Mary, Q of Scots), going to battle • Religious moderate —disliked both Catholics & Puritans • Marriage -- Didn’t like Parliament trying to force her to marry, said that the feet should not control the head

14. Elizabeth and Religion • 1559 – Act of Supremacy repealed all anti-Protestant legislation and made Elizabeth head of the English Church • 1559 – Act of Uniformity ordered the use of a revised Book of Common Prayer • 1563 – Thirty Nine Articles made a moderate version of Protestantism the official religion

15. Elizabeth and the Catholics Extreme Catholics, aided by the Jesuits, plotted against her throughout her reign. Disliked her because she had Protestant sympathies and because she refused to marry Philip II of Spain Executed fewer Catholics during her 45 year reign than Mary Tudor executed Protestants in her 5 year reign.

16. Elizabeth and the Puritans • Led by Thomas Cartwright • Puritans were angry over • The retention of Catholic ceremony and vestments within the Anglican Church • The continuation of the episcopal system of Church governance • Worked through Parliament to create national church patterned after Calvinist church in Geneva

17. Elizabeth and the Congregationalists Congregationalists -- wanted every congregation to be autonomous with neither higher episcopal nor presbyterian control Elizabeth refused to tolerate this group. Conventicle Act of 1593 gave the Congregationalists the option of either conforming to the practices of the Anglican Church or facing exile or death

18. Mary, Queen of Scots

19. Real name Mary Stuart • Raised in France • Eliz. didn’t like her personally but respected her as a queen & relative but they never met • Married 3 times—to King of France, Darnley, Bothwell • Reputation in Europe & Scotland ruined when Darnley was blown up; she ran off with Bothwell • Tudor bloodline and a continual Catholic threat though not aggressive herself; imprisoned in England for her last 19 years. • Mother to James VI, but they were not close

20. Plots Against Elizabeth 1583: Plot involving the Spanish ambassador, Bernadino de Mendoza was uncovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth’s secretary Mendoza was deported English support for Protestant cause in France and Netherlands grew massive

21. 1586: Walsingham uncovered the Babington Plot. This time he had uncontestable proof of Mary Stuart’s complicity. Mary was arrested and with much anguish Elizabeth ordered her execution February 18, 1587 – Mary Stuart was beheaded.

22. Causes for the Spanish Armada - 1588

23. Drake stole from Spanish Ships when sailing around the globe in 1580 • Anger over beheading Mary, Queen of Scots, a Catholic • Phillip could get the English crown now since no Mary • Phillip was assured by exiled English Catholics that the English would rise up to support an enterprise blessed by the Pope

24. Died -- 1603 • Buried in Westminster Abbey • Ruled as long as Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, Clinton, Bushes combined • Some ready for change • Succeeded by her cousin, James VI of Scotland, Mary’s son