1 / 38

OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES & CONDITIONS

This overview explores the impact and epidemiology of chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, lupus, and hypothyroidism. It also discusses the ethnic, socioeconomic, and economic dimensions of these diseases, as well as risk factors, screening and diagnosis methods, and treatment and prevention options.

fanita
Download Presentation

OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES & CONDITIONS

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. 11 OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES & CONDITIONS

  2. 11 “Our health always seems much more valuable after we lose it.” - Author Unknown -

  3. 11 DIMENSIONS OF CHRONIC DISEASES EPIDEMIOLOGICAL OVERVIEW • Affect women more often than they do men • Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Alzheimer Disease • 1 in 2 women age 50+ will have an osteoporosis-related fracture in her lifetime • Diabetes affects 8.2% of all U.S. women • Lupus afflicts women 9X more often than men • Hypothyroidism is 50X more common in women

  4. 11 ETHNIC & SOCIOECONOMIC DIMENSIONS • White and Asian women have osteoporosis more often than African American women • African American are more likely than white women to die following a hip fracture • Asian American women have lower rates of arthritis • African American women have highest prevalence rates of diabetes • African women have higher prevalence rate of lupus than white women

  5. 11 ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS Estimated Annual Costs

  6. 11 OSTEOPOSROSIS HEALTHY BONE vs. OSTEOPOROTIC BONE

  7. 11 NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS • Being female • Increased age/postmenopausal • Small frame and thin-boned • White or Asian • Family history of osteoporosis or fractures

  8. 11 MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS • Diet low in Calcium and Vitamin D • Sedentary lifestyle • Cigarette smoking • Excessive use of alcohol • Certain medications • Glucocorticoids, Anticonvulsants • Amenorrhea • Anorexia nervosa or bulimia

  9. 11 SCREENING & DIAGNOSIS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS Women Who Should Be Tested: • All postmenopausal women younger than age 65 who have one or more additional risk factors for osteoporosis besides menopause • All women age 65 and older • Postmenopausal women with fractures • Women who are considering therapy for osteoporosis or who want to monitor the effectiveness of certain osteoporosis treatments

  10. 11 Bone Mineral Density Tests: • Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) • Single-energy x-ray absorptiometry (SXA) • Peripheral dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (pDXA) • Radiographic absorptiometry (RA) • Dual-photon absorptiometry (SPA) • Single-photon absorptiometry (SPA) • Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) • Ultrasound

  11. 11 TREATMENT & PREVENTION FOR OSTEOPOROSIS • Adequate supply of calcium • Vitamin D • Participate in weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercises • Estrogen replacement therapy • Drugs: Raloxifene, Fosamax, Calcitonin

  12. 11 ARTHRITIS HEALTHY JOINT vs. OSTEOARTHRITIC JOINT vs. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

  13. 11 RISK FACTORS FOR ARTHRITIS • Gender: women are 2-3X greater risk than men • Obesity • Infectious Diseases: Lyme Disease • Occupations • Excessive physical activity: Repetitive joint use • Hormonal levels: Higher estrogen levels • Diet: coffee and tea

  14. 11 DIAGNOSIS FOR ARTHRITIS • No single test can diagnose arthritis • Family history and physical exam to check joints, reflexes, and muscle strength • Radiographs • Blood tests • Joint aspiration

  15. 11 TREATMENT AND PREVENTION FOR ARTHRITIS • Maintaining weight • Avoid injuries during physical activity • Avoiding contact sports • Avoid repetitive joint motion, wear braces, pads, proper shoes • Prevent lyme disease = vaccine, insect repellent • Drugs = NSAIDs, Corticosteroids, Hyaluronic Acid, Immunosuppressants

  16. 11 DIABETES TYPES OF DIABETES • Type 1:Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) • Type 2:Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)

  17. 11 SYMPTOMS FOR DIABETES Type 2: • Any Type 1 symptoms • Frequent infections • Blurred vision • Cuts/bruises that are hard to heal • Numbness of hands/feet • Recurring skin, bladder infections Type 1: • Frequent urination • Unusual thirst • Extreme hunger • Unusual weight • Extreme fatigue • Irritability

  18. 11 RISK FACTORS FOR DIABETES • Having a first-degree relative with diabetes • Being overweight • Having hypertension • Abnormal high-density lipoprotein (HDL) • Racial groups: African American, Hispanics, Native Americans • Women who had gestational diabetes or delivered a baby more than 9 pounds

  19. 11 COMPARISON OF LIKELIHOOD OF DIABETES ACROSS RACIAL GROUPS

  20. 11 COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES • Heart disease • Stroke • High blood pressure • Retinopathy • End-stage renal disease • Damage of the nervous system • Lower-extremity amputations • Periodontal disease • Congenital malformations • Neonatal mortality • Macrosomia • Diabetic ketoacidosis • Susceptibility to infections and illness such as pneumonia

  21. 11 DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES Routine Tests: • Fasting plasma glucose test • Oral glucose tolerance test • Blood sugar level above 140 mg/dL on at least two occasions • Normal sugar level = 70-110 mg/DL

  22. 11 TREATMENT & PREVENTION OF DIABETES • Daily insulin injections • Diet control • Physical activity • Home blood glucose testing several times a day • Oral medications

  23. 11 AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES FEMALE-TO-MALE RATIO OF CERTAIN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE

  24. 11 CHARACTERISTICS OF LUPUS • Immune system forms antibodies that target healthy tissues and organs • Primarily a disease of young women of childbearing age • Affects women 9X more often than men • Affects American women 3X more often than white women • Types • Cutaneous Lupus • Systemic Lupus

  25. 11 SYMPTOMS OF LUPUS • Painful, swollen joints • Skin rash • Butterfly-shaped across face • Triggered by sun exposure • Arthritis • Seizures • Psychosis • Raynaud’s phenomenon • Extreme fatigue

  26. 11 RISK FACTORS OF LUPUS • Exact cause is unknown • Genetic factors • Occurs within families • Environmental factors • Infections • Exposure to sunlight • Stress • Certain medications

  27. 11 DIAGNOSIS OF LUPUS • Take note of symptoms • Skin rash, joint pain, chest pain, seizures, photosensitivity, review of history of medications • Blood count • Antinuclear antibody test (ANA) • Urinalysis

  28. 11 TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF LUPUS • Avoid sun exposure and use sunscreen • Exercise • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) • Corticosteroids • Antimalarial agents • Immunosuppressant drugs • Steroids

  29. 11 THRYOID DISEASE Symptoms of Hashimoto’s Disease and Graves’ Disease

  30. 11 RISK FACTORS OF THYROID DISEASE • Inherited • Family history of a family member with thyroid disease • Hashimoto’s occurs with greater frequency in people older than 60 years of age

  31. 11 DIAGNOSIS OF THYROID DISEASE • Baseline testing to monitor thyroid function • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test • Blood tests measuring levels of thyroxine (T4) can confirm presence of disease

  32. 11 TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF THYROID DISEASE • Annual check-ups • Thyroxine for Hashimoto’s Disease • Antithyroid drugs for Graves’ Disease

  33. 11 ALZEIMER’S DISEASE A Women’s Risk Doubles Every Five Years Beyond Age 65

  34. 11 RISK FACTORS FOR ALZEIMER’S DISEASE • Age • Genetic background • Lifestyle • Severe or repeated head injuries • Lower education levels • Environmental agents • Familial Alzheimer’s Disease (FAD)

  35. 11 SYMPTOMS OF ALZEIMER’S DISEASE • Memory loss • Decline in ability to perform simple tasks • Think less clearly • Affected language and reasoning skills • Lack of ability to make judgments • Personality changes • Emotional outbursts • Wandering and agitation

  36. 11 TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF ALZEIMER’S DISEASE • Controlling symptoms with drugs • Haloperidol (aggressive behavior) • Sertraline (depression) • Zolpidem, Diphenhydramine (insomnia) • Alzheimer’s Drugs • Cogrex, Aricept, Exelon • Antioxidants: Vitamin E (reduce nerve cell damage)

  37. 11 SUMMARY Of MEDICATIONS USED TO TREAT CHRONIC CONDITIONS

  38. 11 INFORMED DECISION MAKING SECONDARY PREVENTION FOR SENIORS • Annual blood pressure screening • Cholesterol screening • Height:Weight Measurements • Clinical breast examinations annually • Cognitive function tests • Behavioral Assessment • Routine Mammography screening • Annual fecal occult blood test • Sigmoidoscopy every 5 years • Annual pap smear • Evaluation for hearing loss • Evaluation for visual acuity • Thyroid-stimulating thyroid test • Bone mineral density test

More Related