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Peace

Peace. Quiz. Who was the leader of the moral force Chartists? What good idea did Fergus O’Connor set up? Why is the centre of Wimbledon not in Wimbledon village? What’s the average growth of London 1801-51? Name two arguments against universal franchise. Quiz. What is swetted labour?

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Peace

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  1. Peace

  2. Quiz • Who was the leader of the moral force Chartists? • What good idea did Fergus O’Connor set up? • Why is the centre of Wimbledon not in Wimbledon village? • What’s the average growth of London 1801-51? • Name two arguments against universal franchise.

  3. Quiz • What is swetted labour? • What the Sharpes in the 18th and 19th century? • What dock in Canary Wharf on? • Why is there a hole in the middle of the Old Naval College at Greenwich? • What is the green belt?

  4. The story so far • Social movements may be successful in the short term: but do they bequeath the best to us? ACCL free trade and low regulation • Social movements may fail at their time but they may bequeath almost universally accepted values: Chartism • Social movements may be spit by different tactics: moral and physical force: if so they are likely to fail

  5. London 1914 • An imperial capital • Centre of the telegraph networks of the world • Underground: Northern, Central, Piccadilly, Bakerloo; Motorised busses; Trams • 7.2 million

  6. Social movements for peace • Created and supported by three groups of people: • Those who think any war is unjustified: absolute pacifists • Those who think this war is unjustified: contextual pacifists • Those who may think this war is justified but who do not like the impact it has on their society: eg censorship, conscription, imprisonment without trial, war profits, rationing

  7. What is a just war?

  8. World War 1 • German imperial expansion vs French, Russian and British imperial concerns • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Rumania & Turkey v France, Russia, Italy, Serbia, British Empire, Belgium, Portugal, Serbia • Seas controlled by Royal Navy: land slaughter on East, South and Western Fronts

  9. US Peace movements 1914-18Chatfield, Charles (1971) For Peace and Justice, Knoxville, U of T Press • Absolute pacifists: • Liberals/progressives who see war as an old way of solving issues • Religious pacifists: Christians and Quakers; YMCA movement • Contextual pacifists: • Socialists • An Old World conflict not fit for the New World

  10. US • Fragmented into different groups • Old leadership matured in the progressive era • New leadership brought in because of the war • Hard for the liberals to work with the radical socialists

  11. US: Main groups • Fellowship of Reconciliation: Christ’s way of love instead of way of war; a human society based on love is possible; Christianity is more than avoiding evil; it is building this human society • People’s Council of America: local organisations affiliate to it; 3 million “members”

  12. US: Opponents • American Defence Society: • Attacks pacifist meetings; no longer possible 1917 • Pacifists have to rely on print: The Masses, The Nation, The World Tomorrow • Often refused postage under subversion act:

  13. US: Evasion and COs • Draft evaders: 171,000 • COs: 3,989 • 1,300 accepted for non combat service • 1,200 furloughed into factories or farms • 99 Quaker’s reconstruction work • 450 court-martialed and imprisoned • 225 in camps objecting to combat • 715 objecting to combat and any non combat military service

  14. London in the war • Frenzied demonstrations at the start and end –lasted 3 days • Parks and squares used for kitchen gardens • Hospitals full of wounded troops • Dance, music and cinema halls full • Bombing by Zeppelins: 700 killed and dim lighting • 125,000 Londoners died in battle

  15. Siegfried Sassoon (1886-1967) • The General • “Good morning, good morning!” the General said • When we met him last week on the way to the line. • Now the soldiers he smiled at are most of ‘em dead. • And we’re cursing his staff for incompetent swine. • “He’s a cheery old card,” grunted Harry to Jack • As they slogged up to Arras with rifle and pack. • But he did for them both by his plan of attack. • Written at Denmark Hill Hospital, London, 1917

  16. Nationalistic press • Demonisation of the enemy • No examination of the strategy or tactics in depth - just a statement of them • Sometimes a clash of policies between generals involve journalists: Repington and French vs Kitchener

  17. UK Peace movementsDeGroot, Gerald J (1996) Blighty, London, Longman • Large demonstration August 2 Trafalgar Square • August 3 Germany invades Belgium • TUC and Labour Party support the war • Arnold Bennett (1867-1931): When one sees young men idling in the lanes on Sunday, one thinks: “why are they not at war?” All one’s pacific ideas have been disturbed. One is becoming militarist.

  18. Three groups against the war • Pacifists • Socialists: its caused by capitalist imperialism • Feminists: it is caused by patriarchy • “Leaders without followers”

  19. Union of Democratic Control: • No annexation of land without population’s agreement • Parliament to exert control over policy: no secret treaties • International Council for arbitration • Mutual agreement to limit armaments • 100 branches: 10,000 members

  20. ILP split • Greetings to comrades in Germany over the road of the guns • “Inflexibly resolved until victory achieved.” • “Soldiers must not be disheartened by any discordant note at home.”

  21. British Socialist Party • Calls for immediate end to the war • Only 6,435 members

  22. British section of the Women’s International League • 50 branches: 3,687 active members • “Only free women can build up the peace which is to be”. • Splits: Pankhursts: “The struggle against the Kaiser is a thousand times more important than the fight for votes.”

  23. No Conscription Fellowship • 12,000 members: half jailed • Combination of pacifists, socialists and feminists • Supported men going before the boards. • 80% were granted some concessions • 16,100 Cos • 3,300 non combat corps • 2,400 ambulances etc • 3,964 work at home • 6,261 prison

  24. Opponents • Socialist National Defence Committee/British Workers League • Broke up pacifist meetings • Newspaper The British Citizen, 30,000 a week • Government mainly let newspapers and private organisations attack the pacifist positions

  25. Sassoon’s letter: “this war, upon which I entered as a war of defence and liberation, has now become a war of aggression and conquest” – • there is “something wrong” with “this extremely gallant officer” -- sent to a psychiatric hospital

  26. Germany peace movement • Social Democratic Party in Germany biggest left party, anti-capitalist, in the world 1914 • Deep social roots: party; club; cooperatives; housing; youth movement; women’s movement; trade unions; members of the Reichstag; disciplined party under democratic centralism • Against the war early August • For the war under the banner of “against Tsarism” when Russia declares war

  27. Splits • Sparticist: Rosa Luxembourg (1871-1919) and Karl Liebknecht (1871-1919) ; collapse of demonstrations (same as UK); fear of the nationalist public: contextual pacifists

  28. Worker’s actions • Strikes against hunger • Strikes against war production • Public demonstrations • Supression • Formation of Centraists in Social Democratic Party against the war for tits affect on the working class: contextual pacifists

  29. Mutiny • Revived by the Russian Revolution • From August 1918: Navy main fleet mutiny: elect a Soviet • Grounds for “stab in the back” theory by the Nazis

  30. Success of the social movements • Overcame the isolation of those ideas in a sea of nationalist fervour • Argued successfully for the position and recognition of Cos • Laid the groundwork for the wider peace movements of the 1920s and 1930s • Made the Weimar republic in Germany.

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