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Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, China, India: Key Points and Comparisons

Explore the key points and comparisons of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, China, and India, including their geography, government, culture, and achievements. Discover the similarities and differences that shaped these ancient civilizations.

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Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, China, India: Key Points and Comparisons

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  1. 6/8 Focus: • Do Now: • Complete the Regents Review Warm up Questions

  2. Ancient Greece • The mountainous topography (terrain) of Greece resulted in widely scattered settlements that developed into many small independent city-states. (The geography of Greece prevented the ancient Greek city-states from uniting to form a single nation.)

  3. Ancient Greece • The city-state of Athens practiced direct democracy. • The city-state of Sparta was very different from Athens. • Sparta placed more emphasis on military service. Boys in Sparta were trained to be soldiers. • Sparta’s government was not democratic. People had little voice in government.

  4. Ancient Greece • SOCRATES,PLATO, and ARISTOTLE were philosophers of ancient Greece. • The AGE OF PERICLES in Athens was a GOLDEN AGE that produced outstanding contributions in the arts and sciences.

  5. Ancient Greece • ALEXANDER THE GREAT’S conquests caused the expansion of HELLENISTIC CULTURE. • The blending of GREEK, PERSIAN, EGYPTIAN, and INDIAN cultures into Hellenistic culture demonstrates cultural diffusion.

  6. Ancient Rome • The Roman Empire extended over three continents, surrounding the MEDITERRANEAN SEA.

  7. Ancient Rome • The Mediterranean Sea was the center of Roman TRADE. The Roman Empire grew wealthy because it developed extensive trade networks.

  8. Ancient Rome • A SYSTEM OF ROADS helped unify the Roman Empire. • Note: A system of roads helped to unify the INCA EMPIRE in the Andes Mountains of South America, too.

  9. Ancient Rome • The Romans developed a form of government known as the REPUBLIC • Preserved GREEK CULTURE (Greco-Roman Culture) • The Fall of the Roman Empire in 476 A.D. led to the start of the Middle Ages • Note the rise and fall of the Roman Empire is often compared with the HAN dynasty in China

  10. China • The SHANG DYNASTY was China's first dynasty. During Shang rule, kings controlled small areas while loyal princes and nobles governed most of the land. • To justify their rebellion against the Shang, the Zhou people promoted the idea of the MANDATE OF HEAVEN. • The MANDATE OF HEAVEN is the Chinese belief in the DIVINE RIGHT to rule. • This process explaining the rise and fall of dynasties is called the DYNASTIC CYCLE

  11. China • SHI HUANGDI constructed the Great Wall of China. Over the centuries, the wall was extended and rebuilt several times. Eventually, it snaked for thousands of miles across northern China. • Shi Huangdi centralized power following the principles of Qin LEGALISM. • Legalists believed that rulers must achieve order by passing STRICT LAWS and imposing HARSH PUNISHMENTS.

  12. China • China grew wealthy because the Han dynasty developed extensive trade networks by opening the SILK ROAD

  13. China • Like the Roman Empire, the Han dynasty promoted unity and communication by building a STRONG SYSTEM OF ROADS. • Like the Roman Empire, The Han Empire collapsed because of FOREIGN INVASIONS, POLITICAL TURMOIL, ECONOMIC PROBLEMS, and a DECLINING MILITARY.

  14. India • The Mauryan Empire controlled more of the Indian subcontinent than the Gupta Empire did. • Expansion was limited by GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS (The Himalayas, the Hindu Kush Mountains, the Arabian Sea, and the Bay of Bengal).

  15. India • Asoka promoted RELIGIOUS TOLERATION and established codified laws with the PILLARS OF ASOKA

  16. India • During the era of the GUPTA EMPIRE, India experienced a golden age (a period of prosperity and artistic creativity). • Art and literature flourished. • Indian scholars contributed to mathematics by developing the DECIMAL SYSTEM and the CONCEPT OF ZERO.

  17. India • Indian provinces were united after 200 years of civil war. • Indians used the SANSKRIT LANGUAGE

  18. India • Like Peter the Great of Russia, Mughal emperor AKBAR THE GREAT was an ABSOLUTE RULER who modernized and expanded his empire using ideas from other cultures. • Akbar the Great is similar to Asoka because he promoted religious toleration

  19. Miscellaneous • The architectural achievements of ancient Rome (e.g. the Coliseum), ancient Egypt (e.g. the Pyramids), and ancient China (e.g. the Great Wall of China) indicate that ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY existed in early civilizations. • The PHOENICIANS are often referred to as the “carriers of civilization” because they traded goods and spread ideas throughout the Mediterranean region.

  20. 6/9 Focus: • Do Now: • Complete the Regents Review Warm up Questions ***Castle Learning Regents Review 8 due Friday***

  21. Codes of Law • Establish legal standards/principles • Provide a written set of Laws • Create a stable society • Examples: • Code of Hammurabi • Justinian’s Code • The Twelve Tables • 10 Commandments • Pillars of Asoka • Napoleonic Code

  22. One way in which the Code of Hammurabi, the Twelve Tables, and Justinian Code are similar is that each: • Legalized monotheistic beliefs • Established legal standards • Provided records of economic activity • Supported republican government

  23. Social Systems • Tend to be hierarchal • Power and wealth near the top • Least amount of people • People at the bottom have little or no power • Most people

  24. Hindu Caste System

  25. Feudalism-Europe

  26. Feudalism-Japan

  27. Spanish Colonial Class System

  28. Belief Systems • The belief in many gods is known as: • Polytheism • The belief in one god is known as: • Monotheism

  29. Belief Systems Belief that in nature spirits exist in all things Animism Shinto

  30. Belief Systems • Compare and contrast Hinduism and Buddhism Dharma Eightfold Path Reincarnation Karma Brahman Moksha The Caste System Nirvana Founded by Siddhartha Guatma Four Noble Truths No founder

  31. Belief Systems Confucianism Daoism Legalism

  32. Belief Systems • Five Pillars of Islam • Allah is the one true God • Give charity to the poor • Make Pilgrimage (Haji) to Mecca • Fasting during the Ramadan • Pray five times a day facing Mecca

  33. Belief Systems • The Four Noble Truths (Buddhism) • Life is suffering • Suffering is caused by selfish desire • Suffering can be eliminated by eliminating desire • Desire can be eliminated by following the Eightfold Path

  34. Belief Systems • The Ten Commandments • Code and rules of behavior followed by Christians and Jews

  35. Belief Systems • The Five Relationships (Confucianism) • Superior to Inferior • Ruler to Subject • Father to Son • Husband to Wife • Older Brother to Younger Brother • Friend to Friend

  36. Monotheistic Religions Muhammad (I) Bible (J,C) 5 Pillars (I) Jesus (C) Torah (J) 10 Commandments (J,C) Synagogue (J) Caliphate (I) Mosque (I) Monotheism (I,J,C) Koran (I) Began in the Middle East (I,J,C)

  37. 1. One way in which the Five Relationships, the Ten Commandments, and the Eightfold Path are similar is that they: • promote polytheism • provide codes of behavior • establish gender equality • describe secularism

  38. 2. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are similar in that they all ask their followers to • believe in reincarnation • strive for nirvana • follow a code of behavior • practice polytheism

  39. 3. Which action is most closely associated with polytheism? • praying in a synagogue • worshipping many gods • accepting the Eightfold Path • reading the Koran

  40. 4. The five relationships taught by Confucius encouraged people to • improve their position in life • maintain social and political order • respect and worship nature • serve the needs of religious leaders

  41. 5. Which factor most influenced a person’s social position in early Indian societies? • education • geographic location • birth • individual achievement

  42. Golden Age of Athens • Greece • Occurred under the rule of Pericles; • economic growth; arts and culture flourished • growth of philosophy • democratic principles and institutions strengthened

  43. Islamic Golden Age • Islamic Caliphate • Advances in Math (Algebra), Science, and Medicine • Preserved Greek, Roman, Persian knowledge

  44. Gupta Empire • India • Advances in Math (concept of zero) and medicine • development of Sanskrit language and literature, • growth of art and architecture • Ajanta Caves

  45. Mali • West Africa • Occurred under the rule of Mansa Musa; • spread of Islam over trade networks ; • Wealth from gold and salt trade • Timbuktu became a major center of learning

  46. Tang Dynasty • China • Invention of gunpowder, movable type and block printing, and Porcelain pottery • Trade along the silk road

  47. A major contribution of the Golden Age of Islam was the: • Development of mercantilism • Creation of the first polytheistic religion • Spread of democratic ideals • Advancement of mathematics and sciences

  48. The Tang dynasty of China, the Gupta Empire of India, and the Mali Empire of Africa were similar in that each experienced a period of • Prosperity and artistic achievement • Feudalism and oppression • War and constant invasion • Mercantilism and industrial expansion

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