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Birth Control & STI/HIV Prevention. Fast Facts:. In 2002… 127 Minnesota teens under 15 years old became pregnant Each day in Minnesota an average of 20 teens became pregnant There were 65 births to females under age 15 years old
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Birth Control & STI/HIV Prevention
Fast Facts: • In 2002… • 127 Minnesota teens under 15 years old became pregnant • Each day in Minnesota an average of 20 teens became pregnant • There were 65 births to females under age 15 years old • In 2001 93% of teen mothers in Minnesota reported the father of their child to be at least one year older than them. • In 2001 29% percent of all pregnancies among females 15-19 year olds ended in an abortion. • From 1990 to 2002 The pregnancy rate among 15-19 year olds in Minnesota decreased by 35%, from 59 to 38 per 1,000. • In Minnesota in 2005, 19 girls got pregnant every day. • The U.S. has 2x the teen pregnancy rate than Canada & Australia & 4x the teen pregnancy rate than France.
Definitions needed: • Barrier Methods – Strategies that use a physical barrier to prevent sperm from reaching the egg & prevent exchange of sexual fluids & some skin to skin contact. • Contraception – Preventing conception (pregnancy) through use of devices or hormones. • Ectopic Pregnancy – A pregnancy growing outside of the uterus usually in the fallopian tubes (also called tubal pregnancy). • Endometrium – The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. A fertilized egg implants itself here in order to grow. • Estrogen – Female hormone that makes the uterine lining thicken during the menstrual cycle to prepare for ovulation and fertilization.Estrogen is also made synthetically to be used in hormonal methods of birth control. • Fertilization – The union of sperm and egg which marks conception and the beginning of a pregnancy. • Hormonal Methods – Using strategies that contain synthetic hormones naturally produced in a woman’s body. These synthetic hormones will prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, and change the endometrium in order to prevent a fertilized egg from implanting. • Intrauterine Device – Pregnancy prevention where an implement is inserted into a woman’s uterus. • Natural Methods – Strategies that do not use any hormones or devices in order to prevent pregnancy or STI transmission. Abstinence is considered to be a Natural Method.
Definitions needed: • Ovulation – The release of an egg from the ovary. When ovulation is happening, a woman is most likely to get pregnant. • Pelvic Exam – A doctor exam of a female where they examine the vagina to look for anything unusual. The doctor will then do a Pap smear, which involves touching the cervix w/ a swab to pick up cells from that area. • Perfect Use – A strategy’s effectiveness against pregnancy if it is used 100% correctly 100% of the time. • Permanent Methods – Surgical procedure that causes someone to be completely unable to reproduce. • Progesterone – Female hormone secreted by the ovary; it is produced by the placenta in large quantities during pregnancy. Progesterone is also made synthetically to be used in hormonal methods of birth control. • Spermicide – A chemical in the form of a cream, gel, foam, film, or suppository inserted in front of a woman's cervix before sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy. Spermicides block the cervix and paralyze the sperm, making them unable to travel into the womb. • Synthetic – Not natural, artificial, man-made. • Typical Use – A strategy’s effectiveness against pregnancy if it’s used almost correctly some of the time. The younger someone is while using a birth control or STI prevention strategy, the less likely they are to use it perfectly.
What you will learn: • Effectiveness w/ perfect & typical use • PERFECT USE = 100% correct use, 100% of the time. • TYPICAL USE = almost 100% correct use, sometimes. This will happen due to not being educated in how to use the method, forgetting, or it’s not convenient.The younger the person using the strategy, the more “typical” they will be. • How it works • what it is & how it is used • Cost • How much will this strategy cost • Prescription needed • It is important to know if a certain strategy needs a doctor’s prescription. • The doctor’s will always do a pelvic exam (reproductive anatomy) before giving a prescription to a patient. • Protects against STIs • Very few strategies will protect against sexually transmitted infections. • Besides abstinence, nothing will protect from STIs 100%.
5 CONTRACEPTION STRATEGIES • NATURAL STRATEGIES • No devices, chemicals, or hormones used to prevent pregnancy. • BARRIER STRATEGIES • Places a barrier between the genitals and prevents sperm from entering the uterus. • HORMONAL STRATEGIES • Uses synthetic hormones to stop ovulation. Must receive a prescription to get any hormonal strategy. • PERMANENT STRATEGIES • Permanently prevents sperm from exiting a male’s body or permanently prevents eggs from leaving a woman’s ovaries. • SPERMICIDAL STRATEGIES • Chemical that immobilizes sperm and prevents fertilization.
FIRST…http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/body_basics/female_repro.htmlFIRST…http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/body_basics/female_repro.html THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE • Why is this important to know & understand even if you are not female? • Because all but 2 forms of contraception, the male condom & a vasectomy, works based on the female reproductive system. So in order to understand how contraception works, we must first understand the female anatomy. • AND, eventually you may be in a sexual relationship with a woman & will need to have an understanding of the whole concept so you can get her pregnant when you are ready, or prevent getting her pregnant when you are not.
ADVANTAGES There are no devices to use or hormonal side effects to worry about. Besides abstinence, natural methods are effective when a couple is trying to become pregnant. DISADVANTAGES Besides abstinence, natural methods are not effective against pregnancy or sexually transmitted infections due to the lack of hormones in the woman’s body or lack of a barrier between partners. NATURAL METHODS
ADVANTAGES Besides abstinence, using a barrier method is the most effective ways to prevent passing on or getting an sexually transmitted infection. Barrier method are best to use to prevent pregnancy if the woman is not on a hormonal type of birth control. DISADVANTAGES Additional spermicide is strongly recommended to use when using barrier methods to increase it’s effectiveness vs. pregnancy. Male condoms fail against pregnancy and transmitting viral STIs largely due to incorrect use. Many barrier methods are made of latex, which cannot be used with any type of oil-based lubricant because it will weaken the rubber. Only water-based lubricant can be used. BARRIER METHODS
FemCap A female must get sized for a FemCap depending on the size of her vaginal canal. If she gains or loses 10+ pounds, she must get a new FemCap.
ADVANTAGES Besides abstinence, hormonal methods are the most effective way to prevent pregnancy. Most of these strategies also help regulate a woman’s period, alleviate cramping, & can decrease the length of bleeding. DISADVANTAGES Hormonal methods do not protect against STIs. Why? A prescription is required to get any type of hormonal birth control strategy. In order to get a prescription, the female must receive a pelvic exam from her doctor to find out which strategy is best for her body. These strategies can also cause weight gain, headache, tender breasts, bleeding between periods, and possibly moodiness HORMONAL METHODS
ADVANTAGES IUDs provide very long-term protection against pregnancy. Decreased bleeding during period. DISADVANTAGES The IUD can slip out of the uterus, therefore decreasing it’s effectiveness. The IUD may puncture the sides of the uterus during insertion. Infection may occur with insertion. There is an increased chance of an ectopic pregnancy. Increased chance of miscarriage if fertilization happens. INTRAUTERINE DEVICES
ADVANTAGES Spermicide will increase the effectiveness of most barrier strategies to help prevent pregnancy. No prescription is required. DISADVANTAGES Very messy. Not very effective vs. pregnancy if used alone, but better than if nothing is used at all. With frequent use, women will become more susceptible to STIs b/c of irritation of the vaginal canal. SPERMICIDAL METHODS
JELLIES FILM JELLY PLACED IN A DIAPHRAGM OR CONDOM FOAM
ADVANTAGES There is no need to worry about pregnancy prevention. Most effective strategies against pregnancy. DISADVANTAGES No protection against sexually transmitted infection. It’s very difficult to reverse so the patient needs to be 100% sure they never want to have a baby. PERMANENT STERILIZATION METHODS
Vasectomy An incision is made on both sides of the scrotal sack and the Vas Deferens are then cut and cauterized or “tied” off.
WITHDRAWAL METHOD(Pulling-Out) • This method is NOT effective in preventing pregnancy, STIs or HIV. • This method requires that the male withdraw his penis before ejaculation. • The high failure rate of this method shows how difficult it can be to judge the exact moment of ejaculation, as well as having the discipline to withdraw the penis before doing so. • The fluid (pre-cum) that a male's penis releases upon sexual arousal contains sperm. • Additionally, if he has an STI or HIV, the bacteria and viruses that cause these infections may also be presents in the pre-cum.
SEX DURING HER PERIOD • This method is NOT effective in preventingpregnancy, STIs or HIV. • Many people believe that if a female is bleeding, the sperm will wash out of her, or that there is no egg present. This is NOT true. • A female can still get pregnant if she has sex during her period or the first time she has sex. • Sperm are strong swimmers, and can go against the flow of blood from a female's body. • The egg may be lingering in the uterus, and can implant itself if during menstruation. • A female may release a 2nd egg while she has her period. • A female is more likely to get an STI while she has her period due to the vaginal canal being more sensitive during the menstrual cycle.
DOUCHING • Douching is when a female will “clean” her vagina with a jet of water or medicated solution. • This method is NOT effective in preventing pregnancy, STIs or HIV. • Douching may flush out some sperm, however, an average ejaculation contains between 300 and 400 million sperm. • Also, douching can actually push sperm further into a female's body, making it much easier for them to reach an egg. • Repetitive douching can actually increase a woman’s chance of contracting an STI due to the chemicals irritating the vaginal lining and creating points of entry for any bacteria or virus.
PEEING AFTER SEX • This method is NOT effective in preventing pregnancy, STIs or HIV. • Urine exits the body through the urethral opening, not through the vaginal opening. • HOWEVER, peeing after intercourse is always a good idea to flush out any bacteria that was pushed into the urethra and can potentially cause bladder infections.
JUMPING UP & DOWN • This method is NOT effective in preventing pregnancy, STIs or HIV. • Sperm swim against gravity so trying to "shake them out" by jumping will not help. DRINKING MOUNTAIN DEW • The myth is that a male’s sperm count will decrease & they will have a tough time getting a girl pregnant. • Untrue!
