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Appendix A Hardware Appendix B Software

Appendix A Hardware Appendix B Software. Stuff for class. six major roles and goals of IT. 1. Increase employee productivity by reducing time, errors and costs using 2. Enhance decision making 3. Improve team collaboration 4. Create business partnerships and alliances

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Appendix A Hardware Appendix B Software

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  1. Appendix A HardwareAppendix B Software

  2. Stuff for class

  3. six major roles and goals of IT • 1. Increase employee productivity by reducing time, errors and costs using • 2. Enhance decision making • 3. Improve team collaboration • 4. Create business partnerships and alliances • 5. Enable global reach all over the world taking into consideration the culture of each nation or society. • 6. Facilitate organizational transformation as the organization evolves and responds to the ever-changing marketplace.

  4. Computer Hardware Output Device Monitor Input Device Keyboard Processing Device The System Unit

  5. Input Devices – Text and Pointing

  6. Input Needs and Devices

  7. Processing Processing The role of ___________ in a computer system is to translate inputs into outputs. This is done through a combination of language and system components Language Computers speak a language called ___________ or “machine language” which consists of 0s & 1s System Unit The physical box that houses all of the working electronic ___________ of the computer

  8. Processing – Language • Binary or Machine Language • The language that all computers use • IT is expressed in 0s or 1s only (see below) • Binary utilizes Base-2 math to convert from normal characters to binary code (e.g. A = 0100 0001 in binary) Binary Example How a Computer Uses it A = 0100 0001 Byte (8 bits) Makes up one character Bit A single 0 or 1

  9. Processing – The System Unit The System Unit The physical box that houses all of the working electronic components of the computer • Components • Support – electronic equipment to run the machine • Central Processing Unit (CPU) – the primary processor in a computer • Primary Storage – temporary and permanent storage used by the computer to operate • ___________ Storage– longer-term storage for data • Ports and Slots – mechanisms to connect devices and specialty processors

  10. Processing – Mother Board • Motherboard • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • RAM and ROM • ___________ Storage Devices (e.g. hard drive) • Slots - connecting specialty ___________ • Ports - connecting input/output devices

  11. Processing – Central Processing Unit • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Called the “brains of the computer”, its role is to perform the operations of the computer using two components: • Control Unit – this device interprets instructions and transmits direction to the computer’s components • ___________ ___________ ___________ – this device performs math as well as logical operations by interpreting and executing instructions

  12. Processing – Central Processing Unit Moore’s Law (1970s) ___________ ___________ from Intel hypothesized that processing performance would double every 18 months CPU Processing Intel Pentium IV CPU packs 55 million transistors

  13. Processing – Primary Storage Primary Storage This storage is used for temporary storage to support computer processing and comes in ___________ and ___________ types ___________ Access Memory (RAM) Read-Only Memory (ROM) Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM or also called ___________ ___________ )

  14. Processing – Secondary Storage Secondary Storage This ___________ ___________ is used to permanently storeinformation and is not part of the CPU but is connected through the system bus. It comes in many types: • Hard Drives • Diskettes • ___________ Tape • Optical Disk • Magneto-Optical (MO) • Compact Disk (CD) • Digital Video Disk (DVD

  15. Processing – Ports and Slots These are devices used to provide hardware ___________ – plugs and sockets - to ___________ devices to computers and ___________ to provide a fully functional computer

  16. Output Devices • Video • A visual display of data that supports motion using a ___________ (monochrome or colour)coming in two types: • Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) • Liquid Crystal Display (LCD • ___________– A device that projects a picture onto a screen CRT LCD

  17. Output Devices • Printers and Plotters • A visual display that is presented on hard copy (e.g. paper) • Dot Matrix – • Ink-jet – • ___________ Audio

  18. ___________ ___________ Microcomputers Types of Computers ___________ Computers ___________ Workstations Midrange Computers

  19. 1 laptop per child Types of Computers – Microcomputers Personal Computers ___________ Network ___________ ___________ Computer http://www.microsoft.com/uk/windowsmobile/business/videocasestudies.mspx Tablet PChttp://pergatory.mit.edu/robotworld/multimedia/index.html

  20. Classes of Software ___________ ___________ The collection of programs that control the basic functions of computer hardware ___________ Software Programs that let the user perform a specific task or operation by interacting with the system software ___________ Languages and Environments Automated software tools used by system developers to design and implement information systems

  21. System Software – a.k.a. Operating Systems • Common Functions • ___________ or (starting) the computer • Reading programs into memory and managing memory allocation • Managing where programs and files are located in secondary storage • Maintaining the structure of directories and subdirectories • ___________ disks • Controlling the computer monitor • ___________ documents to the printer

  22. Operating System – Interfaces ___________ After boot up, the computer provides an interface for the user or programmer to interact with it. Different ___________ systems use different types • Common Interface Type • Command-based interface– • Menu interface – • Graphical user interface (___________ )

  23. Common Operating Systems

  24. Operating Systems - Utilities Utilities: Programs that manage computer resources and files andmay be included in the operating system or purchased separately as needed

  25. Application Software ___________ Software This software performs specific user functions (e.g. e-mail) • ___________Application Software • Software that is developed to meet the specification of an organization. This can be developed “___________ ”by IS staff or by an ___________ vendor. Advantages include: • Customizability – tailored to meet specific needs • Problem specificity – pay for only those functions that are developed for and used by the organization ___________ ___________ Software Packaged software developed by a vendor for a particular problem or industry but is not specific to an organization. This is a lower cost approach that may be combined with custom development to tailor it

  26. Types of Application Software Types of Application Software Application software come in two types for use by organizations: 1) large business systems and office automation; 2) ___________ productivity tools • ___________ ___________ • These large systems support enterprise-wide operations such as: • ___________-A/P, A/R, general ledger, payroll • ___________- inventory management, order processing, shipping, etc. • ___________ ___________ • Used by individuals or groups to support a variety of common tasks such as: • Communication – e-mail, word processing • ___________– group calendars • Analysis - spreadsheets

  27. Open Source Software ___________ ___________ A special class of software that includes operating systems, application software, and programming languages in which the source code (the actual program code) is freely available to the general public for use and/or modification • Popular Open Source Applications • A number of mainstream open source applications can be found across many organizations. Here are just a few: • Operating systems – Linux • ___________– Mozilla • Web servers – Apache • E-mail processing – Sendmail • Internet domain naming service – BIND • Secure connection standard - OpenSSL

  28. Compilers, Languages, and Environments ___________ ___________ Software designed to translate programming languages into machine code or binary in order to allow the computer to execute the program instructions ___________ ___________ Languages used to write program instructions that have evolved from early “machine language” to higher-level languages that are easier to write and understand ___________ ___________ ___________ Automated software tools used by systems developers to design and implement information systems and increase quality and productivity

  29. Compilers and Interpreters ___________ These highly-specialized software applications are used to convert program instructions (source code) into the machine code (object code) prior to being loaded into a computer’s secondary storage ( entire program ) Compiler Example

  30. Compilers and Interpreters ___________ These specialized software applications are similar to compilers but instead of translating the source code to machine language prior to loading, it reads, translates, and executes one line of source code at a time during operation ( one line at a time ) Interpreter Example

  31. Programming Languages - Generations Programming Languages These languages are used to write program instructions and have evolved over time making them more powerful, easier to read and write, and more natural language-focused Generations of Programming Languages mid 1950s 1940s 1950s 1970s 1990s 1st Machine Binary 2nd Symbolic Use of symbols 3rd High-Level Use English like words for procedures 4th Outcome Oriented Use outcome focused words 5th Artificial Intelligence Natural language (spoken English)

  32. Popular Programming Languages

  33. Programming Languages – More Recent High-Level Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) These languages allow programmers to group data and program instructions together into modules(e.g Java or C++). Visual Languages These languages take advantage of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) allowing additions of visual objects (e.g. buttons) with a few clicks versus coding the object pixel by pixel

  34. Programming Languages – Web Development Web Development Languages These languages are used to develop Web pages and operations using both static and dynamic content ___________ Markup Language (HTML) ___________ Markup Language (XML) ___________ Content Markup languages are used for laying out or formatting content, while dynamic languages are needed to provide animation or dynamic (changing) content • Dynamic Languages • Several languages are available for creating dynamic content such as: • ___________ – • ___________ X – • Scripting Languages (JavaScript) –

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