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Woodrow Wilson Emerges as a Leader

Woodrow Wilson Emerges as a Leader. Once mildly conservative, now militantly progressive Professor from Princeton Elected governor of New Jersey in 1910. The Campaign of 1912. Woodrow Wilson Democrat Help from Bryan “New Freedom” William Howard Taft Republican incumbent

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Woodrow Wilson Emerges as a Leader

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  1. Woodrow Wilson Emerges as a Leader • Once mildly conservative, now militantly progressive • Professor from Princeton • Elected governor of New Jersey in 1910

  2. The Campaign of 1912 • Woodrow Wilson • Democrat • Help from Bryan • “New Freedom” • William Howard Taft • Republican incumbent • Theodore Roosevelt • Progressive “Bull Moose” party • “New Nationalism” • We stand at Armageddon, and we battle for the Lord!” • Called Taft a “fathead” with the brain of a “guinea pig”

  3. Consolidation of trusts and labor unions women’s suffrage social welfare Minimum wage laws Social insurance Precursor to the New Deal small enterprise Entrepreneurship Free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets Competition was key Enforcement of antitrust laws Roosevelt’s New Nationalism vs. Wilson’s New Freedom

  4. Election of 1912Electoral and Popular Vote Results

  5. Wilson: The Idealist • 2nd Democratic president since 1861 • Born in Virginia • A Jeffersonian Democrat • Mass democracy, as long as they were informed • Great speaker and believed in strong leadership • Intelligent, but sometimes looked down upon those who were less so • didn’t relate well to the public • Idealism and sense of moral righteousness made him incredibly stubborn in negotiating.

  6. Wilson Tackles the Tariff • Attacked "the triple wall of privilege":  the tariff, the banks, and the trusts • helped pass the Underwood Tariff Bill (reduced tariffs)  • 16th Amendment: graduatedincome tax

  7. Wilson Battles the Bankers • Problem: Banking reserves were located in New York and a handful of other large cities and could not be mobilized in times of financial stress into areas that needed money. • Federal Reserve Act • Federal Reserve Board: appointed by the president • oversaw a nationwide system of 12 regional Federal Reserve banks  • issued paper money (Federal Reserve Notes) • money in circulation could be increased as needed for the requirements of business

  8. The President Tames the Trusts • Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 • oversees industries engaged in interstate commerce  • eliminate monopolies • Clayton Anti-Trust Act of1914 • strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act • exempted labor and agricultural organizations from anti-trust prosecution • legalized strikes and peaceful picketing

  9. Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide • Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916: made loans available to farmers at low rates of interest • Workingmen's Compensation Act of 1916: gave assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability  • childlabor restricted on products shipped between states • Wilson nominated for the Supreme Court reformer Louis D. Brandeis, the first Jew to be a Supreme Court justice.

  10. New Directions in Foreign Policy • Anti-imperialist • Jones Act (1916): granted the Philippines territorial status and promised independence as soon as a stable government could be established • Haiti (1915) sent Marines to protect American lives and property • 1916: signed a treaty with Haiti providing for U.S. supervision of finances and the police. • 1917: purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark

  11. Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico • Mexicanrevolution (1913) The president was murdered and replaced by General Victoriano Huerta.  Because of the chaos in Mexico, millions of Spanish-speaking immigrants came to America. • President Wilson initially refused to intervene. But after a small party of American sailors was accidentally captured by the Mexicans, Wilson ordered the navy to seize the Mexican port of Vera Cruz. • Argentina, Brazil, and Chile intervened and pressured Huerta to step down. • Venustiano Carranza became the president of Mexico.  • Francisco Villa, rival to President Carranza, attempted to provoke a war between Mexico and the U.S by killing Americans.  • Wilson ordered General John J. Pershing to break up Villa's influence.  • The invading American army was withdrawn from Mexico in 1917 as the threat of war with Germany loomed.

  12. World War I Breaks Out • Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria • Allies consisted of France, Britain, Russia, Japan, and Italy. • Wilson issued a neutrality proclamation

  13. The United States Earned Blood Money • American industry prospered off trade with the Allies • Germany and the Central Powers protested American trading with the Allies • Germany was free to trade with the U.S., but Britain prevented this trade by controlling the Atlantic Ocean. • Unrestricted submarine warfare began

  14. Wilson Wins the Reelection in 1916 • Progressives nominated Theodore Roosevelt, but he refused to run. • Republicans: Supreme Court justice Charles Evans Hughes • condemned the Democratic tariff, assaults on the trusts, and Wilson's dealings with Mexico and Germany • Democrats: Woodrow Wilson • anti-war campaign  • “He kept us out of war.” • Wilson re-elected

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