1 / 60

History and Perspectives in Psychological Science

History and Perspectives in Psychological Science. Module 01. Module Overview. The Definition of Psychology Modern Psychology’s Roots Psychology in the Twentieth Century Psychology’s American Groundbreakers Six Psychological Perspectives Psychology in the Twenty-First Century.

fiona
Download Presentation

History and Perspectives in Psychological Science

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. History and Perspectives in Psychological Science Module 01

  2. Module Overview • The Definition of Psychology • Modern Psychology’s Roots • Psychology in the Twentieth Century • Psychology’s American Groundbreakers • Six Psychological Perspectives • Psychology in the Twenty-First Century Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

  3. The Definition of Psychology Module 01: History and Perspectives in Psychological Science

  4. Psychology • Scientific study of behavior and mental processes. • Uses scientific research methods. • Behavior includes all observable behavior. • Mental processes include thoughts, feelings and dreams.

  5. Basic Research • Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. • Research with the explicit purpose of finding new information

  6. Applied Research • Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. • Research with the purpose of using psychology to better the world.

  7. Modern Psychology’s Roots Module 01: History and Perspectives in Psychological Science

  8. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) • Founder of modern psychology; • he opened the first psychology laboratory. • The “father of psychology” • The opening of the lab in 1879 in Leipzig is considered the beginning of the field of psychology.

  9. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) • Used introspection (describing one’s conscious experience) • First to use of the scientific method in studying consciousness

  10. E.B. Titchener (1867-1927) • Founder of structuralism • Analyzed the intensity, clarity and quality of the parts of consciousness • Stressed psychology as a descriptive science

  11. Structuralism • Theory that the structure of conscious experience could be understood by analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations.

  12. Gestalt Psychology • Psychological perspective that emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. • The whole is different from the sum of its parts.

  13. William James (1842-1910) • First American psychologist and • author of the first psychology textbook • Founder of Functionalism

  14. Functionalism • Theory that emphasized the functions of consciousness or the ways consciousness helps people adapt to their environment

  15. Psychology in the Twentieth Century Module 01: History and Perspectives in Psychological Science

  16. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) • Founder of psychoanalysis, • a controversial theory about the workings of the unconscious mind. • Believed that abnormal behavior originated from unconscious drives and conflicts

  17. Psychoanalysis • Freud’s theory of personality; also, • a therapeutic technique that attempts to provide insights into thoughts and actions by exposing and interpreting the underlying unconscious motives and conflicts

  18. Freud’s Influence • Influence on “pop culture” • Freudian slips • Anal-retentive • Influence on psychology • Psychodynamic theory • Unconscious thoughts • Significance of childhood experiences

  19. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) • Russian physiologist and learning theorist famous for the discovery of classical conditioning, in which learning occurs through associations. • Studied learning in animals • Emphasized the study of observable behaviors

  20. John B. Watson (1878-1958) • Founder of behaviorism, • the theory that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors, not mental processes. • Emphasized objective and scientific methodology • Little Albert study

  21. Behaviorism • The theory that psychology should only study observable behaviors, not mental processes. • Today focuses on learning through rewards and observation

  22. B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) • American behavioral psychologist who developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning and • devised ways to apply them to the real world.

  23. Humanistic Psychology • A perspective that focuses on the study of conscious experience, the individual’s freedom to choose, and the capacity for personal growth • Stressed the study of conscious experience and an individual’s free will • Healthy individuals should strive to reach their full potential. • Rejected idea that behavior is controlled by rewards and punishments

  24. Carl Rogers (1908-1970) • Humanist psychologist who developed client-centered therapy and • stressed the importance of acceptance, genuineness, and empathy in fostering human growth.

  25. Abraham Maslow (1902-1987) • Humanistic psychologist who proposed the hierarchy of needs, • with self-actualization as one of the ultimate psychological needs.

  26. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) • Pioneer in the study of developmental psychology who introduced a stage theory of cognitive development that led to a better understanding of children’s thought processes. • Interested in how thinking develops • Believed younger children thought differently than older children

  27. Psychology’s American Groundbreakers Module 01: History and Perspectives in Psychological Science

  28. G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) • First American with a doctorate in psychology • Open the first psychology lab in U.S. at John Hopkins University • First president of the APA

  29. Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) • First woman to complete the requirements for a Ph.D. in psychology • President of the APA in 1905

  30. Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1930) • First woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the U.S.

  31. Francis Cecil Sumner (1895-1954) • First African-American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology

  32. Inez Beverly Prosser (1897-1934) • First African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology

  33. Kenneth Clark (1914-2005)Mamie Philips Clark (1917-1983) • Researchers whose work was used in the Brown vs. Board of Education case that overturned segregation in schools. • Educational psychologists • Studied institutionalized racism

  34. Six Psychological Perspectives Module 01: History and Perspectives in Psychological Science

  35. Cognitive Perspective • School of thought that focuses on how people think – how we • take in, • process, store, and • retrieve information. • Emphasizes how people think about and interpret a situation

  36. Biological Perspective • School of thought that focuses on the physical structures and substances underlying a particular behavior, thought, or emotion • Behavior is explained by brain chemistry, genetics, glands, etc.

  37. Social-Cultural Perspective • School of thought that focuses on how thinking or behavior changes in different situations or as a result of cultural influences.

  38. Behavioral Perspective • Focus: How we learn through rewards, punishments, and observation • Behavior is explained by previous learning

  39. Humanistic Perspective • Focus: How healthy people strive to reach their full potential • Behavior is explained as being motivated by satisfying needs (safety, hunger, thirst, etc.), with the goal of reaching one’s full potential once basic needs are met.

More Related