BEETE502T Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

1. BEETE502TMicroprocessors and Microcontrollers DEPARTMENTS: ETC

2. Microprocessor • Microprocessor (µP) is the “brain” of a computer that has been implemented on one semiconductor chip. • The word comes from the combination micro and processor. • Processor means a device that processes whatever(binary numbers, 0’s and 1’s) • To process means to manipulate. It describes all manipulation. • Micro - > extremely small 2

3. Definition of a Microprocessor. The microprocessor is a programmable device that takes innumbers, performs on them arithmetic or logical operations according to the programstored in memory and then produces other numbers as a result. 3

4. Microprocessor ? A microprocessor is multi programmable clock driven register based semiconductor device that is used to fetch , process & execute a data within fraction of seconds. 4

5. Applications • Calculators • Accounting system • Games machine • Instrumentation • Traffic light Control • Multi user, multi-function environments • Military applications • Communication systems 5

6. MICROPROCESSOR HISTORY 6

7. DIFFERENT PROCESSORS AVAILABLE Socket Pinless Processor Slot Processor Processor ProcessorSlot 7

8. Development of Intel Microprocessors • 8086 - 1979 • 286 - 1982 • 386 - 1985 • 486 - 1989 • Pentium - 1993 • Pentium Pro - 1995 • Pentium MMX -1997 • Pentium II - 1997 • Pentium II Celeron - 1998 • Pentium II Zeon - 1998 • Pentium III - 1999 • Pentium III Zeon - 1999 • Pentium IV - 2000 • Pentium IV Zeon - 2001 8

9. GENERATION OF PROCESSORS 9

10. GENERATION OF PROCESSORS 10

11. Intel 4004 • Introduced in 1971. • It was the first microprocessor by Intel. • It was a 4-bit µP. • Its clock speed was 740KHz. • It had 2,300 transistors. • It could execute around 60,000 instructions per second. 11

12. Intel 4040 • Introduced in 1971. • It was also 4-bit µP. 12

13. 8-bit Microprocessors 13

14. Intel 8008 • Introduced in 1972. • It was first 8-bit µP. • Its clock speed was 500 KHz. • Could execute 50,000 instructions per second. 14

15. Intel 8080 • Introduced in 1974. • It was also 8-bit µP. • Its clock speed was 2 MHz. • It had 6,000 transistors. 15

16. Intel 8085 • Introduced in 1976. • It was also 8-bit µP. • Its clock speed was 3MHz. • Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit. • It had 6,500 transistors. • Could execute 7,69,230 instructions per second. • It could access 64 KB of memory. • It had 246 instructions. 16

17. 16-bit Microprocessors 17

18. Intel 8086 • Introduced in 1978. • It was first 16-bit µP. • Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz and 10 MHz, depending on the version. • Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 20-bit. • It had 29,000 transistors. • Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second. • It could access 1 MB of memory. • It had 22,000 instructions. • It had Multiply and Divide instructions. 18

19. Intel 8088 • Introduced in 1979. • It was also 16-bit µP. • It was created as a cheaper version of Intel’s 8086. • It was a 16-bit processor with an 8-bit external bus. 19

20. Intel 80186 & 80188 • Introduced in 1982. • They were 16-bit µPs. • Clock speed was 6 MHz. • 80188 was a cheaper version of 80186 with an 8-bit external data bus. 20

21. Intel 80286 • Introduced in 1982. • It was 16-bit µP. • Its clock speed was 8 MHz. • Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 24-bit. • It could address 16 MB of memory. • It had 1,34,000 transistors. 21

22. 32-bit Microprocessors 22

23. Intel 80386 • Introduced in 1986. • It was first 32-bit µP. • Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit. • It could address 4 GB of memory. • It had 2,75,000 transistors. • Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 33 MHz depending upon the various versions. 23

24. Intel 80486 • Introduced in 1989. • It was also 32-bit µP. • It had 1.2 million transistors. • Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 100 MHz depending upon the various versions. • 8 KB of cache memory was introduced. 24

25. Intel Pentium • Introduced in 1993. • It was also 32-bit µP. • It was originally named 80586. • Its clock speed was 66 MHz. • Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit. 25

26. Intel Pentium Pro • Introduced in 1995. • It was also 32-bit µP. • It had 21 million transistors. • Cache memory: • 8 KB for instructions. • 8 KB for data. 26

27. Intel Pentium II • Introduced in 1997. • It was also 32-bit µP. • Its clock speed was 233 MHz to 500 MHz. • Could execute 333 million instructions per second. 27

28. Intel Pentium II Xeon • Introduced in 1998. • It was also 32-bit µP. • It was designed for servers. • Its clock speed was 400 MHz to 450 MHz. 28

29. Intel Pentium III • Introduced in 1999. • It was also 32-bit µP. • Its clock speed varied from 500 MHz to 1.4 GHz. • It had 9.5 million transistors. 29

30. Intel Pentium IV • Introduced in 2000. • It was also 32-bit µP. • Its clock speed was from 1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz. • It had 42 million transistors. 30

31. Intel Dual Core • Introduced in 2006. • It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP. 31

32. 32

33. 64-bit Microprocessors 33

34. Intel Core i3 • Intel Core 2 34

35. Intel Core i5 Intel Core i7 35

37. Basic Terms • Bit: A digit of the binary number { 0 or 1 } • Nibble: 4 bit Byte: 8 bit word: 16 bit • Double word: 32 bit • Data: binary number/code operated by an instruction • Address: Identification number for memory locations • Clock: square wave used to synchronize various devices in µP • Memory Capacity = 2^n , n->no. of address lines 37

38. BUS CONCEPT • BUS: Group of conducting lines that carries data , address & control signals. CLASSIFICATION OF BUSES: 1.DATA BUS: group of conducting lines that carries data. 2. ADDRESS BUS: group of conducting lines that carries address. 3.CONTROL BUS: group of conducting lines that carries control signals {RD, WR etc} CPU BUS: group of conducting lines that directly connected to µP SYSTEM BUS: group of conducting lines that carries data , address & control signals in a µP system

39. TRISTATE LOGIC • 3 logic levels are: • High State (logic 1) • Low state (logic 0) • High Impedance state • High Impedance:  output is not being driven to any defined logic level by the output circuit. 39

40. Basic Microprocessors System Central Processing Unit Processing Data into Information Control Unit Arithmetic- Logic Unit Input Devices Output Devices Primary Storage Unit Keyboard, Mouse etc Monitor Printer Disks, Tapes, Optical Disks Secondary Storage Devices 40

41. THE 8086 MICROPROCESSOR UNIT1 41

42. CONTENT • Introduction to 8086 • Microprocessor architecture • Addressing modes • Instruction set • Assembler directives • Assembly language programming • Modular Programming • Linking and Relocation • Stacks , Procedures , Macros • Interrupts and interrupt service routines • Byte & String Manipulation. 42

43. 8086 Microprocessor-introduction • INTEL launched 8086 in 1978 • 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor with • 16-bit Data Bus {D0-D15} • 20-bit Address Bus {A0-A19} [can access upto 2^20= 1 MB memory locations] . • It has multiplexed address and data bus AD0-AD15 and A16–A19. • It can support upto 64K I/O ports 43

44. 8086 Microprocessor • It provides 14, 16-bit registers. • 8086 requires one phase clock with a 33% duty cycle to provide optimized internal timing. – Range of clock: • 5 MHz for 8086 • 8Mhz for 8086-2 • 10Mhz for 8086-1 44

45. 8086 Internal Architecture • 8086 employs parallel processing • 8086 CPU has two parts which operate at the same time • Bus Interface Unit • Execution Unit • CPU functions • Fetch • Decode • Execute 8086 CPU Bus Interface Unit (BIU) Execution Unit (EU) 45

46. Bus Interface Unit • Sends out addresses for memory locations • Fetches Instructions from memory • Reads/Writes data to memory • Sends out addresses for I/O ports • Reads/Writes data to Input/Output ports 46

47. Execution Unit • Tells BIU (addresses) where to fetch instructions or data • Decodes & Executes instructions • Dividing the work between BIU & EU speeds up processing 47