post Civil War

1. post Civil War Chapter 5

2. Post War Migration: • Settlers came in by the millions. • Anglo-Americans • Over 2 million between 1870-1890 • Europe • Scandinavia, Germany, Ireland, Russia, Czechoslovakia. • Came for Gold and Silver • Farm and Grazing lands • Railroad Migration from the East

3. Homestead Act 1862- create new markets and new outposts for commercial agriculture. • Help growing economies • Timber Culture Act 1873- permitted homesteaders to receive grants of 160 additional acres if they planted trees on them. • Desert Land Act 1877- people could buy 640 acres at 1.25 an acre. • Timber and Stone Act 1878- applied non-arable land and sold land at 2.50 an acre. Land Policies

5. Made it possible to acquire 1,280 acres of land at little cost. • Enterprising people got much more. • Fraud was rampant • Lumber and mining companied employed dummy restraints and other illegal devices to seize millions of acres of public land. • 1860’s- territorial governments were in operation, and statehood rapidly followed. Land policies

6. Farmers, Ranchers, and miners recruited for a paid labor force. • Labor shortage- rose wages for workers. • Working conditions were tough • Chinese Immigrants • Willing to work for lower wages. • Work force was divided along racial lines. Labor in the west

7. 3 major industries in the late 19th century were mining, ranching, and commercial farming. • Mining • Began in 1860 • Mineral strike in 1858 • Possibility of finding gold attracted 50,000 prospectors. • Cities would appear and disappear when the gold ran out. Western Industries

8. Comstock Lode • Discovered in Nevada 1859. • Silver miners came by the thousands. • 1874- Gold was found in the Black Hills • Prospectors flooded in the area. Western Industries

9. Hectic tempo • Attracted outlaws • Formed vigilante committees when the town became intolerable. • Did not always use the legal system to bring them to justice. • Men outnumbered women • Those who came for gold, stayed and worked as wage laborers in mines. • Workers- die d of heatstroke, cave-ins, or explosions. • One in every eighty was killed. Life in the Boomtowns

10. Vast grasslands (Open Range) • Great Plains area • Provided free of charge areas to raise their cattle. • Railroads- gave birth to the cattle industry, by giving it access to markets in the Eastern U.S. • End of Civil war • 5 million cattle roamed the Texas ranges. • Getting cattle from the range to the market was difficult. • Long Drives- cattle could be driven to distant markets. • Explosive growth of the cattle industry. Cattle Ranching

11. Established in Abilene, Kansas • Cattle Kingdom for many years. • Mid 1870’s railroads pushed west, and became overstocked . • Not enough grass to support the herds. • Two severe winters 1886/1887 • One Scorching summer • Killed hundreds and thousands of cattle. • Streams and grass dried up and long drive cattle kingdom ended. Market Faculties

12. Dispersal of Indian Tribes

13. Traditional Policy • Regard the tribes as independent nations and wards of the president at the same time. • 1851- • Each tribe was assigned to its own reservation. • Divided the tribes • Left the most desirable land for the whites. • 1867 • Established an Indian Peace Commission. • Composed of soldiers and civilians. • Move all the Plains Indians onto two large reservations. • One in Oklahoma and Dakotas. White Tribal Policies

14. Fighting occuring all of the time. • Indian Warriors in traveling parties attacking wagon trains, stagecoaches, and ranches. • Retaliation for earlier attacks on whites. • 1864 • Araphao and Cheyenne Indians camped near Sand Creek Colorado • Led by Black Kettle • No hostility against the whites • Volunteer militia cam and massacred 133 Indians, 105 were women and children. • Black Kettle escaped and was killed four years later by custer! The Indian Wars

15. Sioux left their reseveration in protest • Miners in the black hills • White officials ordered them back • Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull gathered. • Army- sent to find them and order them back. • Led by George A. Custer • Battle of Little Bighorn • Surprised Custer and killed 264 of his troops • 2500 Indians gathered- the largest in history • The Army will return the Indians to their reservations due to the Indians not staying united. Northern Plains

16. Nez Perce Indians were a small and peaceful band. • Younger(Drunk)indians killed four white settlers in Oregon. • Nez Perce Leader= Chief Joseph • Told the tribe to flee to Canada. • Indians covered 1321 miles in 75 days. • Caught just short of the border • “I will fight now more forever” Idaho- 1877

17. Paiute Indian named Wovoka • Inspiried a spiritual awakening • Emphasized the coming of the Messiah • Ghost Dances • Government Agents watched the dances in confusion and fear. • Dec 29, 1890- • 7th Calvary rounded up a group of 350 cold and starving Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. • Fighting broke out • 40 soldiers and 200 Indians died • Soldiers turned the machine guns on the Indians and mowed them down in the snow. Nevada 1890’s

18. Congress forces the Indians to become landowners and farmers in 1887. • Dawes Act- gave 160 of land to the head of the family, and 80 acres to a single adult or orphan, and 40 acres to each dependent child. • Adult owners were given citizenship but could not gain full title to their property for 25 years. • Applied to the Western Tribes The Dawes Act

19. Tried to move families on to their own plots of land. • Took Indian children away from their families and sent them to boarding schools- ran by whites. • Schools were trying to educated them. • Abandon their tribal ways • Few Indians were prepared for the change. • Eventually the government will abandon this idea. Bureau of Indian Affairs